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Effects of 12 Weeks of Chromium, Phyllanthus emblica Fruit Extract, and Shilajit Supplementation on Markers of Cardiometabolic Health, Fitness, and Weight Loss in Men and Women with Risk Factors to Metabolic Syndrome Initiating an Exercise and Diet Intervention: A Randomized Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial.

1. Nutrients. 2025 Jun 19;17(12):2042. doi: 10.3390/nu17122042. Effects of 12 Weeks of Chromium, Phyllanthus emblica Fruit Extract, and Shilajit Supplementation on Markers of Cardiometabolic Health, Fitness, and Weight Loss in Men and Women with Risk Factors to Metabolic Syndrome Initiating an Ex

Effects of 8 Weeks of Shilajit Supplementation on Serum Pro-c1α1, a Biomarker of Type 1 Collagen Synthesis: A Randomized Control Trial.

2. J Diet Suppl. 2024;21(1):1-12. doi: 10.1080/19390211.2022.2157522. Epub 2022 Dec 22. Effects of 8 Weeks of Shilajit Supplementation on Serum Pro-c1α1, a Biomarker of Type 1 Collagen Synthesis: A Randomized Control Trial. Neltner TJ(1), Sahoo PK(1), Smith RW(1), Anders JPV(2), Arnett JE(1), Sc

Shilajit extract reduces oxidative stress, inflammation, and bone loss to dose-dependently preserve bone mineral density in postmenopausal women with osteopenia: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.

3. Phytomedicine. 2022 Oct;105:154334. doi: 10.1016/j.phymed.2022.154334. Epub 2022 Jul 19. Shilajit extract reduces oxidative stress, inflammation, and bone loss to dose-dependently preserve bone mineral density in postmenopausal women with osteopenia: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-contro

Effects of Shilajit on the development of tolerance to morphine in mice.

4. Phytother Res. 2001 Mar;15(2):177-9. doi: 10.1002/ptr.857. Effects of Shilajit on the development of tolerance to morphine in mice. Tiwari P(1), Ramarao P, Ghosal S. Author information: (1)Faculty of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Post Box No. 232, Amman University, Amman 19328, Jordan. vndna

Do "testosterone boosters" really increase serum total testosterone? A systematic review.

5. Int J Impot Res. 2024 Jun;36(4):348-364. doi: 10.1038/s41443-023-00763-9. Epub 2023 Sep 11. Do "testosterone boosters" really increase serum total testosterone? A systematic review. Morgado A(1), Tsampoukas G(2), Sokolakis I(3), Schoentgen N(4), Urkmez A(5), Sarikaya S(6). Author informatio

Skin Transcriptome of Middle-Aged Women Supplemented With Natural Herbo-mineral Shilajit Shows Induction of Microvascular and Extracellular Matrix Mechanisms.

1. J Am Coll Nutr. 2019 Aug;38(6):526-536. doi: 10.1080/07315724.2018.1564088. Epub 2019 Jun 4. Skin Transcriptome of Middle-Aged Women Supplemented With Natural Herbo-mineral Shilajit Shows Induction of Microvascular and Extracellular Matrix Mechanisms. Das A(1)(2), S El Masry M(1)(2)(3), Gnyawali SC(2), Ghatak S(2)(4), Singh K(1)(2), Stewart R(2), Lewis M(2), Saha A(5), Gordillo G(4)(6), Khanna S(2)(4). Author information: (1)a Department of Surgery, Indiana Center for Regenerative Medicine and Engineering, Indiana University School of Medicine , Indianapolis , IN. (2)b Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University, Wexner Medical Center , Columbus , Ohio. (3)c Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Zagazig University , Zagazig , Egypt. (4)d Department of Plastic Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine , Indianapolis , IN. (5)e Department of Statistics, The Ohio State University , Columbus , OH , USA. (6)f Department of Plastic Surgery, The Ohio State University, Wexner Medical Center , Columbus , Ohio. Objective: Shilajit is a pale-brown to blackish-brown organic mineral substance available from Himalayan rocks. We demonstrated that in type I obese humans, shilajit supplementation significantly upregulated extracellular matrix (ECM)-related genes in the skeletal muscle. Such an effect was highly synergistic with exercise. The present study (clinicaltrials.gov NCT02762032) aimed to evaluate the effects of shilajit supplementation on skin gene expression profile and microperfusion in healthy adult females. Methods: The study design comprised six total study visits including a baseline visit (V1) and a final 14-week visit (V6) following oral shilajit supplementation (125 or 250 mg bid). A skin biopsy of the left inner upper arm of each subject was collected at visit 2 and visit 6 for gene expression profiling using Affymetrix Clariom™ D Assay. Skin perfusion was determined by MATLAB processing of dermascopic images. Transcriptome data were normalized and subjected to statistical analysis. The differentially regulated genes were subjected to Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA®). The expression of the differentially regulated genes identified by IPA® were verified using real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Results: Supplementation with shilajit for 14 weeks was not associated with any reported adverse effect within this period. At a higher dose (250 mg bid), shilajit improved skin perfusion when compared to baseline or the placebo. Pathway analysis identified shilajit-inducible genes relevant to endothelial cell migration, growth of blood vessels, and ECM which were validated by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis. Conclusions: This work provides maiden evidence demonstrating that oral shilajit supplementation in adult healthy women induced genes relevant to endothelial cell migration and growth of blood vessels. Shilajit supplementation improved skin microperfusion. DOI: 10.1080/07315724.2018.1564088 PMCID: PMC7027386 PMID: 31161927 [Indexed for MEDLINE]

The effects of Shilajit supplementation on fatigue-induced decreases in muscular strength and serum hydroxyproline levels.

2. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2019 Feb 6;16(1):3. doi: 10.1186/s12970-019-0270-2. The effects of Shilajit supplementation on fatigue-induced decreases in muscular strength and serum hydroxyproline levels. Keller JL(1), Housh TJ(2), Hill EC(2), Smith CM(2), Schmidt RJ(2), Johnson GO(2). Author information: (1)Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, Human Performance Laboratory, University of Nebraska - Lincoln, 110 Ruth Leverton Hall, Lincoln, NE, 68583-0806, USA. jkeller@unl.edu. (2)Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, Human Performance Laboratory, University of Nebraska - Lincoln, 110 Ruth Leverton Hall, Lincoln, NE, 68583-0806, USA. BACKGROUND: Shilajit is a safe, fluvic mineral complex exudate that is common to Ayurvedic medicine and is composed of fulvic acids, dibenzo-α-pyrones, proteins, and minerals. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of 8 weeks of Shilajit supplementation at 250 mg·d- 1 (low dose) and 500 mg·d- 1 (high dose) versus placebo on maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) strength, concentric peak torque, fatigue-induced percent decline in strength, and serum hydroxyproline (HYP). METHODS: Sixty-three recreationally-active men ([Formula: see text] ± SD: 21.2 ± 2.4 yr.; 179.8 ± 6.3 cm; 83.1 ± 12.7 kg) volunteered to participate in this study. The subjects were randomly assigned to the high dose, low dose, or placebo group (each group: n = 21). During pre-supplementation testing, the subjects performed 2 pretest MVICs, 2 sets of 50 maximal, bilateral, concentric isokinetic leg extensions at 180°·s- 1 separated by 2-min of rest, and 2 posttest MVICs. Following 8 weeks of supplementation, the subjects repeated the pre-supplementation testing procedures. In addition, the groups were dichotomized at the 50th percentile based on pre-supplementation MVIC and baseline HYP. Mixed model ANOVAs and ANCOVAs were used to statistically analyze the dependent variables for the total groups (n = 21 per group) as well as dichotomized groups. RESULTS: For the upper 50th percentile group, the post-supplementation adjusted mean percent decline in MVIC was significantly less for the high dose group (8.9 ± 2.3%) than the low dose (17.0 ± 2.4%; p = 0.022) and placebo (16.0 ± 2.4%; p = 0.044) groups. There was no significant (p = 0.774) difference, however, between the low dose and placebo groups. In addition, for the upper 50th percentile group, the adjusted mean post-supplementation baseline HYP for the high dose group (1.5 ± 0.3 μg·mL- 1) was significantly less than both the low dose (2.4 ± 0.3 μg·mL- 1; p = 0.034) and placebo (2.4 ± 0.3 μg·mL- 1, p = 0.024) groups. CONCLUSIONS: The results of the present study demonstrated that 8 weeks of PrimaVie® Shilajit supplementation at 500 mg·d- 1 promoted the retention of maximal muscular strength following the fatiguing protocol and decreased baseline HYP. Thus, PrimaVie® Shilajit supplementation at 500 mg·d- 1 elicited favorable muscle and connective tissue adaptations. DOI: 10.1186/s12970-019-0270-2 PMCID: PMC6364418 PMID: 30728074 [Indexed for MEDLINE] Conflict of interest statement: ETHICS APPROVAL AND CONSENT TO PARTICIPATE: The University of Nebraska Institutional Review Board for Human Subjects approved the study (IRB Approval #: 20171117645FB). CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION: Not applicable; no individual data was reported. COMPETING INTERESTS: The authors declare that they have no competing interests. PUBLISHER’S NOTE: Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

The Human Skeletal Muscle Transcriptome in Response to Oral Shilajit Supplementation.

3. J Med Food. 2016 Jul;19(7):701-9. doi: 10.1089/jmf.2016.0010. The Human Skeletal Muscle Transcriptome in Response to Oral Shilajit Supplementation. Das A(1), Datta S(1), Rhea B(1), Sinha M(1), Veeraragavan M(2), Gordillo G(3), Roy S(1). Author information: (1)1 Department of Surgery, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Center for Regenerative Medicine and Cell-Based Therapies and Comprehensive Wound Center, The Ohio State University , Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA. (2)2 Research and Development, Natreon India , Rishi Tech Park, New Town, Kolkata, India . (3)3 Department of Plastic Surgery, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Center for Regenerative Medicine and Cell-Based Therapies and Comprehensive Wound Center, The Ohio State University , Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA. The objective of the present study ( clinicaltrials.gov NCT02026414) was to observe the effects of oral supplementation of a purified and standardized Shilajit extract on skeletal muscle adaptation in adult overweight/class I obese human subjects from the U.S. POPULATION: Shilajit is a mineral pitch that oozes out of Himalayan rocks. The study design consisted of a baseline visit, followed by 8 weeks of 250 mg of oral Shilajit supplementation b.i.d., and additional 4 weeks of supplementation with exercise. At each visit, blood samples and muscle biopsies were collected for further analysis. Supplementation was well tolerated without any changes in blood glucose levels and lipid profile after 8 weeks of oral supplementation and the additional 4 weeks of oral supplementation with exercise. In addition, no changes were noted in creatine kinase and serum myoglobin levels after 8 weeks of oral supplementation and the additional 4 weeks of supplementation with exercise. Microarray analysis identified a cluster of 17 extracellular matrix (ECM)-related probe sets that were significantly upregulated in muscles following 8 weeks of oral supplementation compared with the expression at the baseline visit. This cluster included tenascin XB, decorin, myoferlin, collagen, elastin, fibrillin 1, and fibronectin 1. The differential expression of these genes was confirmed using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The study provided maiden evidence that oral Shilajit supplementation in adult overweight/class I obese human subjects promoted skeletal muscle adaptation through upregulation of ECM-related genes that control muscle mechanotransduction properties, elasticity, repair, and regeneration. DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2016.0010 PMCID: PMC4948208 PMID: 27414521 [Indexed for MEDLINE]

Can nutraceuticals prevent Alzheimer's disease? Potential therapeutic role of a formulation containing shilajit and complex B vitamins.

4. Arch Med Res. 2012 Nov;43(8):699-704. doi: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2012.10.010. Epub 2012 Nov 3. Can nutraceuticals prevent Alzheimer's disease? Potential therapeutic role of a formulation containing shilajit and complex B vitamins. Carrasco-Gallardo C(1), Farías GA, Fuentes P, Crespo F, Maccioni RB. Author information: (1)International Center for Biomedicine, ICC, Santiago, Chile. carlosgabriel@live.cl Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a brain disorder displaying a prevalence and impact in constant expansion. This expansive and epidemic behavior is concerning medical and public opinion while focusing efforts on its prevention and treatment. One important strategy to prevent this brain impairment is based on dietary changes and nutritional supplements, functional foods and nutraceuticals. In this review we discuss the potential contributions of shilajit and complex B vitamins to AD prevention. We analyze the status of biological studies and present data of a clinical trial developed in patients with mild AD. Studies suggest that shilajit and its active principle fulvic acid, as well as a formula of shilajit with B complex vitamins, emerge as novel nutraceutical with potential uses against this brain disorder. Copyright © 2012 IMSS. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2012.10.010 PMID: 23131823 [Indexed for MEDLINE]

Efficacy of Momiai in Tibia Fracture Repair: A Randomized Double-Blinded Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial.

5. J Altern Complement Med. 2020 Jun;26(6):521-528. doi: 10.1089/acm.2019.0453. Epub 2020 Apr 20. Efficacy of Momiai in Tibia Fracture Repair: A Randomized Double-Blinded Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial. Sadeghi SMH(1), Hosseini Khameneh SM(2), Khodadoost M(1), Hosseini Kasnavieh SM(3), Kamalinejad M(4), Gachkar L(5), Rampp T(6), Pasalar M(7)(8). Author information: (1)Traditional Medicine and Materia Medica Research Center, School of Traditional Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. (2)Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. (3)Department of Emergency Medicine, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. (4)School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. (5)Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran. (6)Clinic of Integrative Medicine, Kliniken Essen Mitte, Medical Faculty University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany. (7)Faculty of Medicine, Research Center for Traditional Medicine and History of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran. (8)Essence of Parsiyan Wisdom Institute, Traditional Medicine and Medicinal Plant Incubator, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran. Objectives: Momiai ( shilajit, mummy, mumie, or mineral pitch) has been used traditionally in different medical systems for the treatment of a variety of ailments since hundreds of years ago. It is a natural substance found in different rocky parts of the world, formed by plants, mineral, and animal remains gradually. There is also worthwhile evidence supporting its oral use for bone repair in Persian medicine. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of momiai in tibia fracture healing. Design: This study is a randomized double-blinded controlled trial. Settings/Location: Three different hospitals in Tehran, Iran. Subjects: Patients with age range of 18-60 years admitted due to new tibia fracture were enrolled after meeting the inclusion criteria. Interventions: The patients were divided into two groups randomly and received two 500 mg capsules of momiai or placebo for 28 days. Outcome measures: The process of bone healing was assessed by frequent X-ray radiographies and adverse effects were recorded. Results: Totally, 160 patients participated in the study either in two equal intervention or placebo groups. There was no significant difference between groups in terms of demographic and descriptive data. At the end of the study, the mean time of tibial bone union was 129 days in the experimental group, while it was 153 days in the placebo group (p < 0.049). There was no significant difference in the reported adverse effects between the two groups (p = 0.839). Conclusions: The current study showed that oral consumption of momiai after tibial shaft fracture surgery could be a promising option to reduce the healing time. DOI: 10.1089/acm.2019.0453 PMID: 32310691 [Indexed for MEDLINE]

Clinical evaluation of purified Shilajit on testosterone levels in healthy volunteers.

6. Andrologia. 2016 Jun;48(5):570-5. doi: 10.1111/and.12482. Epub 2015 Sep 22. Clinical evaluation of purified Shilajit on testosterone levels in healthy volunteers. Pandit S(1), Biswas S(1), Jana U(1), De RK(1), Mukhopadhyay SC(1), Biswas TK(1). Author information: (1)Research Unit, Department of Health and Family Welfare, J. B. Roy State Ayurvedic Medical College and Hospital, Government of West Bengal, The West Bengal University of Health Sciences, Kolkata, India. Purified Shilajit, an Ayurvedic rasayana, was evaluated in healthy volunteers of age between 45 and 55 years for its effect on male androgenic hormone viz. testosterone in a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical study at a dose of 250 mg twice a day. Treatment with Shilajit for consecutive 90 days revealed that it has significantly (P < 0.05) increased total testosterone, free testosterone and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEAS) compared with placebo. Gonadotropic hormones (LH and FSH) levels were well maintained. © 2015 The Authors. Andrologia Published by Blackwell Verlag GmbH. DOI: 10.1111/and.12482 PMID: 26395129 [Indexed for MEDLINE]