감초 (글리시리진)

Efficacy and Safety of GutGard® in Managing Gastroesophageal Reflux-Related Symptoms: A Phase III, Single-Centre, Double-Blind, Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trial.

1. Complement Med Res. 2025;32(1):26-36. doi: 10.1159/000543367. Epub 2025 Feb 10. Efficacy and Safety of GutGard® in Managing Gastroesophageal Reflux-Related Symptoms: A Phase III, Single-Centre, Double-Blind, Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trial. Raj JP(1)(2), Saxena U(2), Belhekar MN(2), Mamde

Efficacy and safety of licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra) in moderately ill patients with COVID-19: a randomized controlled trial.

2. Inflammopharmacology. 2023 Dec;31(6):3037-3045. doi: 10.1007/s10787-023-01352-4. Epub 2023 Oct 17. Efficacy and safety of licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra) in moderately ill patients with COVID-19: a randomized controlled trial. Ameri A(1), Farashahinejad M(2), Davoodian P(2), Safa O(3), Kusha A(

A comprehensive review of Glycyrrhiza glabra in the management of rheumatoid arthritis: ethnopharmacology, pharmacological mechanisms and synergistic therapeutic strategies.

3. J Ethnopharmacol. 2026 Feb 10;356:120827. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2025.120827. Epub 2025 Oct 31. A comprehensive review of Glycyrrhiza glabra in the management of rheumatoid arthritis: ethnopharmacology, pharmacological mechanisms and synergistic therapeutic strategies. Prajapati K(1), Mishra R(1

The selective effect of glycyrrhizin and glycyrrhetinic acid on topoisomerase IIα and apoptosis in combination with etoposide on triple negative breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells.

4. Eur J Pharmacol. 2017 Aug 15;809:87-97. doi: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2017.05.026. Epub 2017 May 12. The selective effect of glycyrrhizin and glycyrrhetinic acid on topoisomerase IIα and apoptosis in combination with etoposide on triple negative breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells. Cai Y(1), Zhao B(1), L

Glycyrrhizin accelerates the metabolism of triptolide through induction of CYP3A in rats.

5. J Ethnopharmacol. 2014 Mar 14;152(2):358-63. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2014.01.026. Epub 2014 Jan 30. Glycyrrhizin accelerates the metabolism of triptolide through induction of CYP3A in rats. Tai T(1), Huang X(2), Su Y(3), Ji J(4), Su Y(2), Jiang Z(5), Zhang L(6). Author information: (1)Jiangsu Cen

Liquorice reduced cyclosporine bioavailability by activating P-glycoprotein and CYP 3A.

6. Food Chem. 2012 Dec 15;135(4):2307-12. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.07.061. Epub 2012 Jul 20. Liquorice reduced cyclosporine bioavailability by activating P-glycoprotein and CYP 3A. Hou YC(1), Lin SP, Chao PD. Author information: (1)School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Taichung 4040

Exploring the possible metabolism mediated interaction of Glycyrrhiza glabra extract with CYP3A4 and CYP2D6.

7. Phytother Res. 2011 Oct;25(10):1429-34. doi: 10.1002/ptr.3426. Epub 2011 Feb 24. Exploring the possible metabolism mediated interaction of Glycyrrhiza glabra extract with CYP3A4 and CYP2D6. Pandit S(1), Ponnusankar S, Bandyopadhyay A, Ota S, Mukherjee PK. Author information: (1)School of Natu

In vitro and in vivo inhibitory effects of glycyrrhetinic acid on cytochrome P450 3A activity.

8. Pharmacology. 2010;86(5-6):287-92. doi: 10.1159/000320956. Epub 2010 Oct 29. In vitro and in vivo inhibitory effects of glycyrrhetinic acid on cytochrome P450 3A activity. Li HY(1), Xu W, Su J, Zhang X, Hu LW, Zhang WD. Author information: (1)Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, School

Glycyrrhizin and licorice significantly affect the pharmacokinetics of methotrexate in rats.

9. J Agric Food Chem. 2009 Mar 11;57(5):1854-9. doi: 10.1021/jf8029918. Glycyrrhizin and licorice significantly affect the pharmacokinetics of methotrexate in rats. Lin SP(1), Tsai SY, Hou YC, Chao PD. Author information: (1)Graduate Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Chi

Effects of licorice root supplementation on liver enzymes, hepatic steatosis, metabolic and oxidative stress parameters in women with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: A randomized double-blind clinical trial.

1. Phytother Res. 2022 Oct;36(10):3949-3956. doi: 10.1002/ptr.7543. Epub 2022 Jul 3. Effects of licorice root supplementation on liver enzymes, hepatic steatosis, metabolic and oxidative stress parameters in women with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: A randomized double-blind clinical trial. Rostamizadeh P(1), Asl SMKH(2), Far ZG(1), Ahmadijoo P(1), Mahmudiono T(3), Bokov DO(4)(5), Alsaikhan F(6), Jannat B(7), Mazloom Z(1). Author information: (1)Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran. (2)Department of Internal Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran. (3)Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia. (4)Institute of Pharmacy, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia. (5)Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Federal Research Center of Nutrition, Biotechnology and Food Safety, Moscow, Russia. (6)Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Al-kharj, Saudi Arabia. (7)Halal Research Center of IRI, Food and Drug Administration, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of licorice root supplementation on liver enzymes, hepatic steatosis, metabolic and oxidative stress parameters in women with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). In this randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, 60 women with NAFLD were selected and randomly assigned into 2 groups to take 1,000 mg/day powder of licorice root extract or placebo for 12 weeks. In addition, all the patients were advised to follow a weight loss diet and healthy lifestyle. The plasma levels of liver enzymes, glycemic indices, lipid profile, oxidative stress parameters, as well as hepatic steatosis were measured at the beginning and end of the study. Through the 12-weeks period of supplementation, women who received powder of licorice root experienced a statistically significant improvement in alanine aminotransferase (p < .001), insulin (p = .002), insulin resistance (p = .003), malondialdehyde (p < .001) serum levels, and ultrasonographic findings of liver steatosis (p < .001), compared to the placebo group. In conclusion, licorice root supplementation in addition to gradual weight loss and lifestyle modification is superior to lifestyle modification alone for the treatment of NAFLD. © 2022 John Wiley & Sons Ltd. DOI: 10.1002/ptr.7543 PMID: 35785498 [Indexed for MEDLINE]

A Review of the Pharmacological Efficacy and Safety of Licorice Root from Corroborative Clinical Trial Findings.

2. J Med Food. 2020 Jan;23(1):12-20. doi: 10.1089/jmf.2019.4459. Epub 2019 Dec 23. A Review of the Pharmacological Efficacy and Safety of Licorice Root from Corroborative Clinical Trial Findings. Kwon YJ(1)(2), Son DH(3), Chung TH(2)(4), Lee YJ(3). Author information: (1)Department of Family Medicine, Yongin Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Gyeongi, Korea. (2)Department of Medicine, Graduate School, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea. (3)Department of Family Medicine, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea. (4)Department of Health Medicine, Severance Hospital, Severance Check-Up, Yonsei University Health System, Seoul, Korea. Since ancient times, licorice, the root of Glycyrrhiza glabra, has been known to have a wide spectrum of therapeutic effects. Glycyrrhizin is cleaved to glycyrrhizic acid, which is subsequently converted to glycyrrhetic acid by human intestinal microflora. Glycyrrhetic acid is a potent inhibitor of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11β-HSD) and performs a range of corticosteroid-like activities. The pharmacologic effects of licorice contribute to its anti-inflammatory, antioxidative, anti-allergenic, and antimicrobial properties. Licorice has been used to treat liver disease, gastrointestinal disorders, oral disease, and various skin disorders and has been used in gum, candy, herbs, alcoholic beverages, and food supplements. Licorice and its extracts, especially glycyrrhizin, can be taken orally, through the skin (in the form of gels and oils), and intravenously. Licorice demonstrates mineralocorticoid-like activity not only by inhibiting 11β-HSD2, but also by binding to a mineralocorticoid receptor, leading to potentially adverse risks of mineralocorticoid-like overactivity. Chronic use of licorice can lead to hypokalemia and hypertension, and some people are more sensitive to licorice exposure. Based on clinical trials, this review summarizes the positive effects of licorice and other reported side effects. DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2019.4459 PMID: 31874059 [Indexed for MEDLINE]

Dietary supplementation of Saanen goats with dried licorice root modifies chemical and textural properties of dairy products.

3. J Dairy Sci. 2020 Jan;103(1):52-62. doi: 10.3168/jds.2019-16838. Epub 2019 Nov 6. Dietary supplementation of Saanen goats with dried licorice root modifies chemical and textural properties of dairy products. Bennato F(1), Ianni A(2), Martino C(3), Di Luca A(1), Innosa D(1), Fusco AM(1), Pomilio F(4), Martino G(5). Author information: (1)Faculty of BioScience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, Italy 64100. (2)Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, "G. d'Annunzio" University Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy. (3)Specialist Diagnostic Department, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise "G. Caporale," 64100 Teramo, Italy. (4)Food Hygiene Unit, NRL for L. monocytogenes, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise "G. Caporale," 64100 Teramo, Italy. (5)Faculty of BioScience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, Italy 64100. Electronic address: gmartino@unite.it. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of dietary integration with dried licorice root on the chemical-nutritional qualities of goat milk and cheeses. The study was conducted for 60 d, during which 30 Saanen goats were divided into 2 groups: a control group (CG) that received a standard diet and an experimental group (LG+) whose diet was supplemented with licorice. At the end of the study, milk samples were collected to determine chemical-nutritional compositions and fatty acid (FA) profiles. Cheeses produced with CG and LG+ bulk milk were analyzed for chemical-physical parameters after 3 (T3) and 30 (T30) d of ripening. A different FA profile and a significant increase in protein and casein were observed in LG+ milk samples compared with CG milk. Regarding cheeses, an increase of proteins and fat was found in LG+ cheeses, which also were harder, more elastic, and more gummy than the CG samples after both 3 and 30 d of ripening. A different protein profile was detected in the 2 groups without significant variations in casein fractions (αS2-casein and β-casein) during ripening. Moreover, greater oxidative stability was found in LG+ cheeses at both T3 and T30. Different families of volatile compounds were detected in T30 cheeses obtained from both groups. A significant reduction of octanoic acid and an increase in nonanal and ketones were found in LG+ T3 cheeses, whereas the LG+ T30 cheeses were characterized by a significant decrease of hexanoic acid an increase of 3-methyl-1-butanol and acetoin. We concluded that it is possible to assert that dietary integration with dried licorice root modified chemical and technological properties of goat cheeses, reducing lipid oxidation during ripening and inducing changes in texture that could improve consumer acceptability, although further studies are needed from this point of view. Copyright © 2020 American Dairy Science Association. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-16838 PMID: 31704006 [Indexed for MEDLINE]

Herbal medicine for adults with asthma: A systematic review.

4. J Asthma. 2016 Aug;53(6):650-9. doi: 10.3109/02770903.2015.1101473. Epub 2016 May 12. Herbal medicine for adults with asthma: A systematic review. Shergis JL(1), Wu L(2), Zhang AL(1), Guo X(2), Lu C(2)(3), Xue CC(1)(2). Author information: (1)a China-Australia International Research Centre for Chinese Medicine, School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University , Melbourne , Australia. (2)b Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, The Second Clinical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine , Guangzhou , China. (3)c Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinical Research on Traditional Chinese Medicine Syndrome , Guangzhou , China. BACKGROUND: Many people with asthma use herbal medicines to help reduce symptoms and improve asthma control. OBJECTIVE: To update the systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials of herbal medicine for adult asthma. DATA SOURCES: Nine English and Chinese databases were searched (PubMed, Embase, CINAHL, CENTRAL, AMED, CBM, CNKI, CQVIP, Wanfang). STUDY SELECTIONS: Herbal medicines combined with routine pharmacotherapies compared with the same pharmacotherapies alone or placebo. Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool and GRADE Summary of Findings tables were used to evaluate methodological quality. RESULTS: Twenty-nine (29) studies involving 3,001 participants were included. Herbal interventions used multi-ingredients such as licorice root, crow-dipper, astragali, and angelica. Compared with routine pharmacotherapies alone, herbal medicines as add-on therapy improved lung function (FEV1: MD 7.81%, 95% CI 5.79, 9.83, I(2) = 63%; PEFR: MD 65.14 L/min, 95% CI 58.87, 71.41, I(2) = 21%); asthma control (MD 2.47 points, 95% CI 1.64, 3.29, I(2) = 55%); reduced salbutamol usage (MD -1.14 puffs/day, 95% CI -2.20, -0.09, I(2) = 92%); and reduced acute asthma exacerbations over one year (MD -1.20, 95% CI -1.82, -0.58, one study). Compared with placebo plus pharmacotherapies herbal medicines as add-on therapy improved lung function (FEV1: MD 15.83%, 95% CI 13.54, 18.12 and PEFR: MD 55.20 L/min, 95% CI 33.41, 76.99). Other outcomes were not reported in these placebo studies. Included studies were low to moderate quality. Adverse events were rare. CONCLUSIONS: Herbal medicines combined with routine pharmacotherapies improved asthma outcomes greater than pharmacotherapies alone. Included studies did not blind participants therefore more studies that address such weaknesses are warranted. DOI: 10.3109/02770903.2015.1101473 PMID: 27172294 [Indexed for MEDLINE]

Effects of licorice extract in combination with a low-calorie diet on obesity indices, glycemic indices, and lipid profiles in overweight/obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS): a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.

5. J Ovarian Res. 2024 Jul 30;17(1):157. doi: 10.1186/s13048-024-01446-9. Effects of licorice extract in combination with a low-calorie diet on obesity indices, glycemic indices, and lipid profiles in overweight/obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS): a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Hooshmandi H(1)(2), Ghadiri-Anari A(1)(3), Ranjbar AM(4)(5), Fallahzadeh H(6), Hosseinzadeh M(1)(2), Nadjarzadeh A(7)(8). Author information: (1)Research Center for Food Hygiene and Safety, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran. (2)Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran. (3)Diabetes Research Center, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran. (4)Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran. (5)Herbal Medicine Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran. (6)Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Research Center of Prevention and Epidemiology of Non-Communicable Disease, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran. (7)Research Center for Food Hygiene and Safety, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran. Azadehnajarzadeh@gmail.com. (8)Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran. Azadehnajarzadeh@gmail.com. BACKGROUND: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most common ovarian dysfunction. Recent studies showed the effectiveness of licorice on metabolic profiles with inconsistent findings. So, we investigated the effect of licorice on obesity indices, glycemic indices, and lipid profiles in women with PCOS. METHODS: This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial was performed on 66 overweight/obese women with PCOS. The participants were randomly assigned to receive either 1.5 gr/day licorice extract plus a low-calorie diet (n = 33) or placebo plus a low-calorie diet (n = 33) for 8 weeks. Participants' anthropometric indices and body composition were assessed using standard protocols. Fasting blood sugar (FBS), insulin levels, low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C), total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), and high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) were measured using enzymatic kits. The homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and HOMA of β-cell function (HOMA-B) were calculated using valid formulas. RESULTS: Between-group comparisons demonstrated significant differences between the groups in terms of obesity indices (body weight, BMI, and body fat), lipid profiles (TG, TC, LDL-C, and HDL-C), FBS and insulin levels, HOMA-IR, and HOMA-B at the end of the study (P < 0.05). Supplementation with licorice plus a low-calorie diet was also more effective in improving all parameters than a low-calorie diet alone after adjusting for confounders (baseline values, age, weight changes, and physical activity changes) (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The findings showed that licorice consumption leads to improvements in obesity indices, glucose homeostasis, and lipid profiles compared to placebo. Due to possible limitations of the study, further research is needed to confirm these findings. © 2024. The Author(s). DOI: 10.1186/s13048-024-01446-9 PMCID: PMC11287987 PMID: 39080737 [Indexed for MEDLINE] Conflict of interest statement: The authors declare no competing interests.

Impact of licorice root on the burn healing process: A double-blinded randomized controlled clinical trial.

6. Complement Ther Med. 2023 May;73:102941. doi: 10.1016/j.ctim.2023.102941. Epub 2023 Mar 2. Impact of licorice root on the burn healing process: A double-blinded randomized controlled clinical trial. Zabihi M(1), Hatefi B(1), Ardakani ME(2), Ranjbar AM(3), Mohammadi F(4). Author information: (1)Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran. (2)Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, Shohadaye Mehrab Burn Injuries Hospital, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran. (3)Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran; Traditional Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran. Electronic address: amranjbar@razi.tums.ac.ir. (4)Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran. ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Due to the known side effects of many synthetic drugs, the use of herbal and natural substances in treating diseases such as burns has been considered. licorice is a herbal medicine whose stem and underground roots are used in traditional medicine in many countries, including Iran, for anti-inflammatory, stomach ulcer healing, and antimicrobial purposes. AIM OF THE STUDY: This study investigated the healing effect of hydroalcoholic extract of licorice root on the wound healing process caused by second-degree burns. METHODS: The hydroalcoholic extract of licorice was prepared in ethanol solvent, and then the licorice hydrogel product was designed using gelling compounds. Then, in a double-blinded randomized clinical trial, 50 patients with second-degree burns were selected based on inclusion criteria from the patients referred to Yazd Hospital and Isfahan Hospital. Participants were randomly divided into two groups: the control group receiving hydrogel without extract and the intervention group receiving hydrogel containing licorice root hydroalcoholic extract. The intervention lasted for 15 days, and during this period, the wound-healing process was evaluated on days 1, 3, 6, 10, and 15. Data were analyzed using SPSS software with independent T-test and Mann-Whitney U tests with a maximum error of 5 %. RESULTS: The rate of inflammation (From the 3rd day to the 10th day), redness (From the 6th day to the 15th day), pain (on the 3rd day), and burning (From the 3rd day to the 15th day) of the wound in the group that used the hydrogel-containing hydroalcoholic extract of licorice root was significantly lower than in the control group (P < 0.05), and the healing process was significantly faster than the control group. CONCLUSION: Hydroalcoholic extract of licorice root can accelerate the healing process of second-degree burns. Copyright © 2023 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved. DOI: 10.1016/j.ctim.2023.102941 PMID: 36870516 [Indexed for MEDLINE] Conflict of interest statement: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

Efficacy of oral administration of licorice as an adjunct therapy on improving the symptoms of patients with Parkinson's disease, A randomized double blinded clinical trial.

7. J Ethnopharmacol. 2020 Jan 30;247:112226. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2019.112226. Epub 2019 Sep 28. Efficacy of oral administration of licorice as an adjunct therapy on improving the symptoms of patients with Parkinson's disease, A randomized double blinded clinical trial. Petramfar P(1), Hajari F(2), Yousefi G(3), Azadi S(4), Hamedi A(5). Author information: (1)Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran. (2)Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran. (3)Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran. (4)Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran. (5)Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Medicinal Plants Processing Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran. Electronic address: hamediaz@sums.ac.ir. ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Licorice preparations are used as neuroprotective remedies in Persian ethnomedicine, in order to prevent from disabilities in neurodegenerative conditions like Parkinson's disease (PD). AIM OF THE STUDY: This study was designed to determine the licorice (root of Glycyrrhiza glabra L.) effectiveness as an adjunct treatment in the PD management. MATERIAL AND METHODS: In this double-blinded trial, 128 patients were assessed for eligibility criteria. Seventy-eight patients were ineligible and 11 of them refused from participating. Thirty-nine PD patients (YAHR staging ≤ 3) were divided into two groups by random. The patients received oral licorice or placebo syrups with a dose of 5 cc, twice a day for 6 months. High-performance liquid chromatography and spectrophotometric instruments determined licorice syrup constituents. The patients' situation for Unified Parkinson's rating scale (UPDRS) was assessed every 6 weeks for the duration of six months. In addition, patients' blood pressure, blood glucose, sodium and potassium levels, quality of life and dizziness were determined. RESULTS: Six weeks after intervention, total UPDRS, daily activities and tremor were significantly improved with a considerable effect size. A significant better motor test and rigidity scores were observed 4 months after licorice intake (p > 0.05). No electrolyte abnormality, significant changes in blood pressure or blood glucose levels were observed during the study. Each 5cc of syrup contained 136 mg of licorice extract with 12.14 mg glycyrrhizic acid, and also 136 μg of polyphenols. CONCLUSION: The licorice intake could improve the symptoms in PD patients without serious adverse events. Copyright © 2019 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2019.112226 PMID: 31574343 [Indexed for MEDLINE]

Anti-Inflammatory Effect of a Novel Topical Herbal Composition (VEL-091604) Consisting of Gentian Root, Licorice Root and Willow Bark Extract.

8. Planta Med. 2019 May;85(7):608-614. doi: 10.1055/a-0835-6806. Epub 2019 Jan 28. Anti-Inflammatory Effect of a Novel Topical Herbal Composition (VEL-091604) Consisting of Gentian Root, Licorice Root and Willow Bark Extract. Seiwerth J(1), Tasiopoulou G(1), Hoffmann J(1), Wölfle U(1), Schwabe K(2), Quirin KW(3), Schempp CM(1). Author information: (1)Research Center skinitial, Department of Dermatology, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany. (2)BSI Beauty Science Intelligence GmbH, Langenhagen, Germany. (3)Flavex Naturextrakte GmbH, Rehlingen, Germany. The anti-inflammatory properties of the topical herbal composition VEL-091604 with gentian root, licorice root, and willow bark extract were assessed in a randomized, prospective, placebo-controlled, double-blind ultraviolet (UV)-erythema test study with 42 healthy volunteers in comparison to 1% hydrocortisone acetate. The efficacy and tolerability of VEL-091604 cream 2 times daily over 2 wk was evaluated in an open-label, prospective proof of concept study in 10 subjects with atopic dermatitis using a lesional SCORAD severity score. In the UV-erythema test VEL-091604 cream significantly reduced inflammation compared to placebo and was as effective as 1% hydrocortisone acetate. The clinical study with atopic subjects revealed a significant and rapid reduction of the lesional SCORAD severity score in the test areas after 1 and 2 wk. No adverse events were recorded. It is concluded that the herbal cream VEL-091604 with licorice root, willow bark, and gentian root extract display anti-inflammatory properties in vivo. It is a promising new treatment option for atopic dermatitis that warrants further investigation in controlled studies. Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York. DOI: 10.1055/a-0835-6806 PMID: 30690691 [Indexed for MEDLINE] Conflict of interest statement: C. M. Schempp and U. Wölfle hold a patent on the topical application of bitter taste receptor agonists. The studies were performed without industrial funding.

Randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled pilot study on the effects of topical blackcurrant emulsion enriched in essential fatty acids, ceramides and 18-beta glycyrrhetinic acid on clinical signs and skin barrier function in dogs with atopic dermatitis.

9. Vet Dermatol. 2017 Dec;28(6):577-e140. doi: 10.1111/vde.12467. Epub 2017 Jul 23. Randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled pilot study on the effects of topical blackcurrant emulsion enriched in essential fatty acids, ceramides and 18-beta glycyrrhetinic acid on clinical signs and skin barrier function in dogs with atopic dermatitis. Marsella R(1), Cornegliani L(2), Ozmen I(3), Bohannon M(1), Ahrens K(1), Santoro D(1). Author information: (1)Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, 2015 SW 16th Avenue, Gainesville, FL, 32608, USA. (2)Clinica Veterinaria San Siro, Via Lampugnano 99, Milano, 20151, Italy. (3)Department of Dermatology, Corlu Military Hospital, Corlu, Tekirdag, 59850, Turkey. BACKGROUND: Lipid-based emulsions can be useful for the management of canine atopic dermatitis (cAD). 18-beta glycyrrhetinic acid (GRA), a component of liquorice root, has anti-inflammatory and anti-pruritic effects. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the effects of a topical lipid emulsion containing ceramides, fatty acids and GRA on clinical signs of cAD and skin barrier in a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial. METHODS: Client owned (n = 45) dogs with nonseasonal, mild/moderate AD, received either treatment or placebo for three months. Skin lesions, pruritus, transepidermal water loss (TEWL) and global assessment (GA) were evaluated. RESULTS: Fourteen dogs receiving treatment and 14 receiving the placebo completed the study. After one month ≥50% reduction in pruritus was seen in seven of 14 dogs (50%) in the Treatment group, and in two of 14 dogs (14.3%) in the Control group (P = 0.047). After two and three months, significant reduction in pruritus was not seen. For Canine Atopic Dermatitis Extent and Severity Index (CADESI), TEWL and GA, there were no significant findings over time or between groups. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The emulsion had some transient beneficial clinical effects. However, it was not effective in controlling pruritus as a monotherapy. Further studies should examine whether owner compliance was a factor in the steady decline of effect on pruritus scores. Further studies evaluating its role as an adjunctive therapy are indicated. © 2017 ESVD and ACVD. DOI: 10.1111/vde.12467 PMID: 28736984 [Indexed for MEDLINE]

Efficacy of a sugar-free herbal lollipop for reducing salivary Streptococcus mutans levels: a randomized controlled trial.

10. Clin Oral Investig. 2017 Apr;21(3):839-845. doi: 10.1007/s00784-016-1827-y. Epub 2016 Apr 30. Efficacy of a sugar-free herbal lollipop for reducing salivary Streptococcus mutans levels: a randomized controlled trial. Almaz ME(1), Sönmez IŞ(2), Ökte Z(3), Oba AA(4). Author information: (1)Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Kırıkkale University, Kırıkkale, Turkey. dt.merveerkmen@gmail.com. (2)Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Adnan Menderes University, Aydın, Turkey. (3)Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey. (4)Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Kırıkkale University, Kırıkkale, Turkey. OBJECTIVE: The aim of our study was to evaluate the efficacy of an herbal lollipop containing licorice root extract on salivary Streptococcus mutans in caries-free and high-caries-risk children. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study was conducted in caries-free and high-caries-risk children, aged 5-11 years (n = 108). The groups were caries-free children (group A); high-caries-risk children whose dental treatment was completed before lollipop use (group B); and high-caries-risk children who did not comply with dental treatment (group C). The groups were divided into two subgroups: herbal (A-1, B-1, C-1) and placebo lollipops (A-2, B-2, C-2). Saliva samples were taken before dental treatment, before and after consuming lollipops, and at 3 months after consuming lollipops. The results were statistically analyzed with chi-squared test. RESULTS: Only in group C-1 (high-risk, using herbal lollipops) that significant reduction was observed in salivary S. mutans levels after lollipop use (p = 0.033), and only in the same group (C-1), there was significant difference between after lollipop use and third month levels (p = 0.006). CONCLUSIONS: Herbal lollipops could be recommended to children with high-caries risk who do not comply with dental treatment in place of high-carbohydrate snacks. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The paper provides a perspective on using herbal products in high-risk children for reducing salivary S. mutans counts. DOI: 10.1007/s00784-016-1827-y PMID: 27129589 [Indexed for MEDLINE]

[Adjunctive treatment of axial undifferentiated spondyloarthritis by Qiangji Recipe: a clinical study].

11. Zhongguo Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Za Zhi. 2015 Jan;35(1):37-40. [Adjunctive treatment of axial undifferentiated spondyloarthritis by Qiangji Recipe: a clinical study]. [Article in Chinese] He MY, Fan FY. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the clinical efficacy and safety of Qiangji Recipe (QR) in ad- junctive treatment of axial undifferentiated spondyloarthritis (axuSpA) through a four-week open study. METHODS: Fifty-four axuSpA patients of Shen-deficiency Du-channel cold syndrome (SDDCS) in line with inclusive criteria were recruited and assigned to the treatment group and the control group according to random digit table, 27 in each group. Patients in the control group took Celecoxib Capsule (0.2 g each time, twice per day). Patients in the treatment group additionally took QR (consisting of Herba Epimedii 15 g, antler glue 15 g, Cibotium Barometz 15 g, eucommia bark 20 g, dipsacus asper 10 g, two toothed achyranthes root 15 g, drynaria 15 g, Taxillus Chinensis 20 g, ground beetle 10 g, scorpion 5 g, wild celery 10 g, notopterygium incisium 10 g, cow-fat seed 10 g, white mustard seed 6 g, and licorice root 6 g, one dose per day, twice daily). The therapeutic course for all was 4 weeks. The Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index (BASDAI), the Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Functional Index (BASFI), the Bath AS Metrology Index (BASMI), total body pain and spinal pain, patient and physician global assessment on a four-point scale, the Ankylosing Spondylitis Quality of Life (ASQoL), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and C-reactive protein (CRP) were measured before and after 4 weeks of treatment. The primary end point in this study was the proportion of patients with a 20%improvement response accord- ing to the ASAS International Working Group Criteria (ASAS 20 responders) at week 4. RESULTS: Totally 50 patients completed this trial, 26 in the treatment group and 24 in the control group. Improvement of BASDAI, BASFI, BASMI, ASQoL, ESR, and CRP was shown in both groups after treatment. Better effect was shown in the treatment group in all indices except ESR and BASMI after treatment (P < 0.05, P < 0.01). Twenty cases (accounting for 76.92%) in the treatment group achieved ASAS 20 response at week 4, while 12 cases (accounting for 50.00%) in the control group achieved ASAS 20 response at week 4 (P < 0.05). No obvious adverse reaction occurred in the two groups. CONCLUSION: QR combined Celecoxib Capsule showed better effect in treating axuSpA patients than using Celecoxib Capsule alone. PMID: 25790672 [Indexed for MEDLINE]

[Effect of Ningdong Granule on the levels of IL-12 and TNF-alpha in children patients with Tourette's syndrome].

12. Zhongguo Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Za Zhi. 2014 Apr;34(4):435-8. [Effect of Ningdong Granule on the levels of IL-12 and TNF-alpha in children patients with Tourette's syndrome]. [Article in Chinese] Tang HX, Li AY, Li JJ, Hou GS, Zhang F. OBJECTIVE: To observe the effect of Ningdong Granule (NG) on serum levels of interleukin-12 (IL-12) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) of children patients with Tourette's syndrome (TS). METHODS: Totally 90 TS children patients were randomly assigned to the NG group, the NG + Tiapride group (abbreviated as the combined treatment group), and the Tiapride group, 30 in each group. Besides,another 30 healthy children were recruited as the healthy control group. Patients in the NG group were treated with NG (consisting of all gastrodia rhizome, Codonopsis pilosula, Ophiopogon japonicus, white peony root, Rhinocerotidae, oyster, earthworm, licorice root, etc.), one dose daily, administered by dissolving it in boiled water, taken in two portions in the morning and in the evening respectively. Patients in the Tiapride group took Tiapride Tablet, 50 -100 mg each time, twice daily. The dosage was adjusted according to individual difference and changes of pathogenic conditions. The maximal dosage was 300 mg per day. Those in the combined treatment group were treated with equal dose of NG and Tiapride Tablet in combination. The treatment course was 3 months for all. Changes of pathogenic condition before and after treatment were assessed by Yale global tic severity scale (YGTSS). Serum levels of IL-12 and TNF-alpha were detected by enzyme-labeled immunosorbent assay (ELISA) before and after treatment. RESULTS: (1) The total effective rate of the NG group, the combined treatment group, and the Tiapride group was 79.3%, 83.3%, and 67.9%, respectively. It was the lowest in the Tiapride group (P < 0.05). It was significantly higher in the combined treatment group than in the NG group (P < 0.05). (2) The post-treatment YGTSS score was obviously lower in each group after treatment than before treatment (P < 0.05). The posttreatment YGTSS score was obviously lower in the NG group and the combined treatment group than in the Tiapride group (P < 0.05), but with no statistical difference between the fromer two groups (P > 0.05).(3) Compared with the healthy control group before treatment, serum levels of IL-12 and TNF-alpha (pg/mL) were 124.95 +/- 22.78 and 209.52 +/- 21.69 in the NG group, 126.14 +/- 25.65 and 208.97 +/- 22.46 in the combined treatment group, 123.00 +/- 24.26 and 205.10 +/- 26.16 in the Tiapride group, being higher than those in the healthy control group (64.56 +/- 27.59 and 78.13 +/- 33.42; P < 0.05). After treatment, serum levels of of IL-12 and TNF-alpha were 104.67 +/- 16.84 and 183.01 +/- 24.95 in the NG group, 109.04 +/- 16.81 and 179.87 +/- 23.45 in the combined treatment group, significantly lower than before treatment (P < 0.05). But there was no statistical difference in serum levels of IL-12 or TNF-alpha in the Tiapride group between before treatment (123.00 +/- 24.26 and 205.10 +/- 26.16) and after treatment (117.75 +/- 16.79 and 199.76 +/- 33.21; P > 0.05). CONCLUSION: NG could modulate abnormal serum levels of IL-12 and TNF-alpha in TS children patients, which might be one of its pharmacodynamic mechanisms for treating TS. PMID: 24812899 [Indexed for MEDLINE]

Liquorice root extracts as potent cariostatic agents in pediatric practice.

13. J Indian Soc Pedod Prev Dent. 2013 Jul-Sep;31(3):146-52. doi: 10.4103/0970-4388.117964. Liquorice root extracts as potent cariostatic agents in pediatric practice. Jain E(1), Pandey RK, Khanna R. Author information: (1)Department of Pedodontics, Faculty of Dental Sciences, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India. OBJECTIVE: The present study was designed to evaluate the in vitro as well as in vivo cariostatic efficacy of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of liquorice and assess their acceptability among child patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Minimum bactericidal concentrations of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of liquorice against mutans streptococci were evaluated and their toxicity profiles were tested using the model organism Caenorhabditis elegans. The clinical trial was conducted as a double-blind pilot study where pediatric patients (N = 60), aged 7-14 years, were equally divided by randomization into three groups, namely, Group 1 using aqueous liquorice mouthwash (15%), Group 2 using ethanolic liquorice mouthwash (3.75%), and Group 3 using chlorhexidine gluconate (0.156%) as positive control. A baseline pre-rinse and three post-rinse saliva samples were evaluated for the changes in pH and mutans streptococci colony counts. Palatability of liquorice extracts was assessed through a self-designed questionnaire having structured categorical responses. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: Parametric evaluations were done using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and Dunnett's "t" test. RESULTS: The mean mutans streptococci colony counts in all three groups decreased significantly (P < 0.001) immediately after the oral rinsing. The reduction in colony counts was significant in ethanolic liquorice group as compared to the control (P < 0.01). Liquorice extracts also led to an immediate rise in salivary pH. The results showed an immediate antimicrobial action of liquorice extracts, with limited retentivity. CONCLUSION: The study affirms that both aqueous and ethanolic liquorice extracts are potent cariostatic agents and are found to be palatable by child patients. DOI: 10.4103/0970-4388.117964 PMID: 24021323 [Indexed for MEDLINE]

The efficacy of licorice root extract in decreasing transaminase activities in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a randomized controlled clinical trial.

14. Phytother Res. 2012 Sep;26(9):1381-4. doi: 10.1002/ptr.3728. Epub 2012 Feb 6. The efficacy of licorice root extract in decreasing transaminase activities in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a randomized controlled clinical trial. Hajiaghamohammadi AA(1), Ziaee A, Samimi R. Author information: (1)Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran. ahmohamadi@qums.ac.ir This study was performed to investigate the effects of licorice on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). In this double blind randomized clinical trial, 66 patients were divided into case and control groups. All patients had elevated liver enzymes and had increased liver echogenicity (lipid accumulation) on sonography. The case group was treated with one capsule containing 2 g aqueous licorice root extract per day for 2 months while the control group was treated in the same manner with a placebo. Weight, body mass index (BMI) and liver transaminase levels were measured for each patient before and after the study. In the case group, the mean alanine aminotransferase (ALT) level decreased from 64.09 to 51.27 IU/mL and the aspartate aminotransferase (AST) level decreased from 58.18 to 49.45 IU/mL, which were statistically significant (p < 0.001 and p < 0.001). But in the control group, a drop in the ALT and AST levels was not statistically significant. The BMI difference before and after the study was not statistically significant in both groups. Despite the significant drop in liver enzymes following administration of licorice root extract, it is recommended that further studies that include histological examination are necessary. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. DOI: 10.1002/ptr.3728 PMID: 22308054 [Indexed for MEDLINE]

Antioxidant effect of polyphenolic glabridin on LDL oxidation.

15. Toxicol Ind Health. 2009 May-Jun;25(4-5):321-4. doi: 10.1177/0748233709103034. Antioxidant effect of polyphenolic glabridin on LDL oxidation. Carmeli E(1), Fogelman Y. Author information: (1)Physical Therapy, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel. elie@post.tau.ac.il This study was conducted to determine the effect of a natural polyphenolic isoflavone antioxidant (Glabridin) on low-density lipoprotein (LDL) oxidation. Determination of the extent of LDL oxidation was done by measuring the formation of Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS). After oral administration of licorice-root ethanol extract to healthy subjects for 6 months, the subjects' oxidative stress level as well as plasma LDL oxidation reduced by 20%. We concluded that dietary consumption of glabridin protects LDL from oxidation. DOI: 10.1177/0748233709103034 PMID: 19651803 [Indexed for MEDLINE]

[Clinical observation on auxiliary treatment of hormone dependence dermatitis by shufeng liangxue decoction].

16. Zhongguo Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Za Zhi. 2008 Dec;28(12):1121-3. [Clinical observation on auxiliary treatment of hormone dependence dermatitis by shufeng liangxue decoction]. [Article in Chinese] Bai YS(1), Zhou CY, Wang JQ. Author information: (1)Department of Dermatology, Qingdao Hiser Medical Center, Shandong. Wxr120@sohu.com OBJECTIVE: To study the clinical efficacy of Shufeng Liangxue Decoction (SLD) in treating hormone dependence dermatitis (HDD). METHODS: One hundred and sixteen patients with HDD were randomly assigned to two groups. Both were treated with symptomatic Western medical therapy, including oral taken of loratadine 10 mg, and intravenous injection of 10% calglucon 10 mL and vitamin C 3.0 g adding in 20 mL 50% glucose, once per day, and to the test group, one dose of SLD consisting of imperata rhizome 30 g, rehmannia root 30 g, moutain bark 15 g, schizonepeta spike 15 g, divaricate saposhnikovia root 10 g, scutellaria root 15 g, forsythia fruit 15 g, cape-jasmine fruit 10 g, red peony root 10 g, white-stiff silkworm 10 g, broom cypress fruit 15 g, Indian bread 15 g and licorice root 10 g, was given every day by decocting with water. The course of treatment was 4 weeks. Symptoms of patients, including redden-swollen skin, capillary dilatation, inflammatory papula, itching and other discomfort sensation (pain, burning, dry, buckled) were scored before and after treatment according to their severity. The efficacy was evaluated by the change in scores of symptoms, the adverse reactions occurring in the therapeutic course and the relapse rate after treatment were observed as well. RESULTS: The cure-obvious effective rate was 76.32% in the test group and 42.50% in the control group; the total effective rate in them was 94.74% and 77.50% respectively, all showing significant difference (P < 0.05) between groups. In the test group, slight diarrhea appeared in 5 patients and slight nausea with upper abdominal discomfort in 3; while in the control group, slight somnolence appeared in 2, but all these adverse reactions did not affect the treatment. A 3-month follow-up study showed that the relapse rate in the test group was significantly lower than that in the control group (16.00% vs. 42.50% , P < 0.01). CONCLUSION: SLD is effective and safe in treating HDD, with the efficacy better and relapse rate lower than those of treatment with Western medicine alone. PMID: 19317172 [Indexed for MEDLINE]