가르시니아 (HCA)

The effect of hydroxy citric acid supplementation with calorie-restricted diet on metabolic, atherogenic and inflammatory biomarkers in women with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a randomized controlled clinical trial.

1. Food Funct. 2022 May 10;13(9):5124-5134. doi: 10.1039/d1fo03685h. The effect of hydroxy citric acid supplementation with calorie-restricted diet on metabolic, atherogenic and inflammatory biomarkers in women with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a randomized controlled clinical trial. Arefh

Food-Effect on (-) - Hydroxycitric Acid Absorption After Oral Administration of Garcinia cambogia Extract Formulation: a Phase I, Randomized, Cross-Over Study.

2. J Pharm Sci. 2021 Feb;110(2):693-697. doi: 10.1016/j.xphs.2020.10.035. Epub 2020 Oct 24. Food-Effect on (-) - Hydroxycitric Acid Absorption After Oral Administration of Garcinia cambogia Extract Formulation: a Phase I, Randomized, Cross-Over Study. Cruz AC(1), Pinto AHS(2), Costa CDD(2), Oliv

Oral hydroxycitrate supplementation enhances glycogen synthesis in exercised human skeletal muscle.

3. Br J Nutr. 2012 Apr;107(7):1048-55. doi: 10.1017/S0007114511003862. Epub 2011 Aug 9. Oral hydroxycitrate supplementation enhances glycogen synthesis in exercised human skeletal muscle. Cheng IS(1), Huang SW, Lu HC, Wu CL, Chu YC, Lee SD, Huang CY, Kuo CH. Author information: (1)Department of

The effects of Garcinia cambogia on glycaemic control and liver enzymes in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials.

1. J Nutr Sci. 2025 Jan 23;14:e8. doi: 10.1017/jns.2024.91. eCollection 2025. The effects of Garcinia cambogia on glycaemic control and liver enzymes in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Tavakoli S(1), Amini MR(2)(3), Rabiee R(4), Salavatizadeh M(3), Afsharianfar M(5), Askarpour M(6), Hekmatdoost A(3). Author information: (1)Student Research Committee, Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, National Nutrition & Food Technology Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. (2)Nutrition and Food Security Research Center and Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran. (3)Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. (4)Student Research Committee, Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran. (5)Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran. (6)Student Research Committee, Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran. Previous studies have assessed how supplementing with Garcinia cambogia affects glycaemic control and liver enzyme levels; nevertheless, the results were not consistent. The study aimed to evaluate the impact of Garcinia cambogia on glycaemic control and liver enzymes through a systematic review and meta-analysis. Searches were conducted from the beginning through February 2023, using online databases (Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed, and Cochrane Library). Trials examining the impact of Garcinia cambogia on serum levels of fasting blood sugar (FBS), serum level of insulin, alanine transaminase (ALT), and aspartate transaminase (AST) in adults were included. The overall estimates and their 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using a random-effects model. This meta-analysis includes nine publications with 444 participants. The results showed that Garcinia cambogia has no significant effect on FBS (weighted mean difference (WMD): 1.02 mg/dl, 95% CI: -1.29, 3.33), insulin (WMD: -0.12 mU/L, 95% CI: -1.50, 1.25), AST (Hedges' g: -0.08, 95% CI: -0.43, 0.26), and ALT (Hedges' g: 0.27, 95% CI: -0.20, 0.73). Subgroup analysis showed that Garcinia cambogia significantly increased insulin levels in females and also increased insulin and FBS levels in those with a BMI ≥30 kg/m2. Nevertheless, the administration of Garcinia cambogia for more than 8 weeks significantly decreased insulin levels. This meta-analysis showed that supplementation with Garcinia cambogia has no significant effect on FBS, insulin, ALT, or AST levels compared with control groups; however, it seems that increasing the duration of the intervention may have a decreasing effect on insulin levels. © The Author(s) 2025. DOI: 10.1017/jns.2024.91 PMCID: PMC11811849 PMID: 39943939 [Indexed for MEDLINE] Conflict of interest statement: The authors declared no conflicts of interest.

Effect of Garcinia cambogia supplement on obesity indices: A systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis.

2. Complement Ther Med. 2020 Aug;52:102451. doi: 10.1016/j.ctim.2020.102451. Epub 2020 May 23. Effect of Garcinia cambogia supplement on obesity indices: A systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis. Golzarand M(1), Omidian M(2), Toolabi K(3). Author information: (1)Nutrition and Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. (2)Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. (3)Department of Surgery, Imam Khomeini Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Electronic address: tolabika@tums.ac.ir. OBJECTIVE: Several trials have examined the effect of Garcinia cambogia supplement on the weight and body composition, but their results are conflicting. This systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis was designed to determine the effect of Garcinia cambogia supplement on the obesity indices in human randomized controlled trials (RCTs). METHODS: PubMed/Medline, Scopus, Cochrane library, and Web of Science databases were searched up to 1th January, 2020, to screen relevant trials. The mean changes in the weight, body mass index (BMI), percentage of fat mass (PFM), and waist circumference (WC) from the baseline were used to conduct the present dose response meta-analysis. RESULTS: In the current study, eight trials (including 530 subjects) were included. Garcinia cambogia supplement significantly reduced the weight by -1.34 kg (95% CI: -2.62 to -0.07, P = 0.03), BMI by -0.99 kg/m2 (95% CI: -1.48 to -0.49, P < 0.001), PFM by -0.42% (95% CI: -0.77 to -0.06, P = 0.02), and WC by -4.16 cm (95% CI: -7.83 to -0.49, P = 0.02) compared with the placebo group. Dose-response analysis revealed that there is a nonlinear association between Garcinia cambogia dosage and changes in the body weight (Pnonlinearity = 0.04) and BMI (Pnonlinearity < 0.001) not PFM (Pnonlinearity = 0.68). There was no publication bias among the studies. CONCLUSION: Our results suggested that Garcinia cambogia supplement had a significant effect on the body weight, BMI, PFA, and WC as compared with the placebo. Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. DOI: 10.1016/j.ctim.2020.102451 PMID: 32951714 [Indexed for MEDLINE]

Metabolomics reveals the mechanism of (-)-hydroxycitric acid promotion of protein synthesis and inhibition of fatty acid synthesis in broiler chickens.

3. Animal. 2018 Apr;12(4):774-783. doi: 10.1017/S175173111700221X. Epub 2017 Sep 7. Metabolomics reveals the mechanism of (-)-hydroxycitric acid promotion of protein synthesis and inhibition of fatty acid synthesis in broiler chickens. Peng ML(1), Han J(1), Li LL(1), Ma HT(1). Author information: (1)1Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry,College of Veterinary Medicine,Nanjing Agricultural University,Nanjing 210095,China. (-)-Hydroxycitric acid (HCA), a major component of Garcinia cambogia extracts, has been shown to suppress BW gain and fat accumulation in animals and humans. However, the mechanism remains unknown. In this study, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was used to analyse serum metabolites, and principal component analysis and partial least-squares-discriminant analysis models were generated to analyse serum metabolite changes in broiler chickens after the administration of (-)-HCA at 0, 1000, 2000 and 3000 mg/kg diets for 28 days. Metabolites showing significant changes were screened by 'variable importance in the projection' plots. The results showed that 20 metabolites in the 1000 mg/kg (-)-HCA treatment group and 16 metabolites in 3000 mg/kg (-)-HCA treatment group were significantly altered. Metabolites pathway enrichment analysis indicated that these metabolites were mainly associated with metabolism of amino acids, protein synthesis, citric acid cycle, and uric acid and fatty acid synthesis. The data indicated that (-)-HCA promoted protein synthesis by regulating the metabolic directions of amino acids. At the same time, (-)-HCA treatment inhibited fatty acid synthesis by promoting the citric acid cycle, resulting in reduced cytosolic acetyl-CoA content in broiler chickens. The present study identified global changes in metabolites and analysed the main canonical metabolic pathways in broiler chickens supplemented with (-)-HCA. These results will deepen our understanding of the mechanism of (-)-HCA's effects in animals. DOI: 10.1017/S175173111700221X PMID: 28877777 [Indexed for MEDLINE]

Phytochemical compounds in sport nutrition: Synephrine and hydroxycitric acid (HCA) as examples for evaluation of possible health risks.

4. Mol Nutr Food Res. 2017 Jun;61(6). doi: 10.1002/mnfr.201601020. Epub 2017 May 2. Phytochemical compounds in sport nutrition: Synephrine and hydroxycitric acid (HCA) as examples for evaluation of possible health risks. Bakhiya N(1), Ziegenhagen R(1), Hirsch-Ernst KI(1), Dusemund B(1), Richter K(1), Schultrich K(1), Pevny S(1), Schäfer B(1), Lampen A(1). Author information: (1)Department of Food Safety, Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany. Comment in Mol Nutr Food Res. 2017 Sep;61(9). doi: 10.1002/mnfr.201770095. Mol Nutr Food Res. 2017 Sep;61(9). doi: 10.1002/mnfr.201770094. Numerous food supplements contain phytochemical compounds as active ingredients. Although such supplements are often perceived by consumers as being risk-free, the safety of many of them is currently uncertain. The present review provides two examples for risk assessment for phytochemical ingredients that are used in certain supplements marketed for sportspeople-synephrine (extracted from fruits of Citrus aurantium) and hydroxycitric acid (HCA, isolated from fruits of Garcinia cambogia). Animal and human studies, as well as case reports, provide evidence for cardiovascular effects due to ingestion of high synephrine doses, especially in combination with caffeine and physical exertion. A dose of up to 6.7 mg synephrine/day, however, which is equivalent to the median dietary intake from conventional foods in Germany, is presumed to represent a safe intake from supplements. In subchronic animal studies, administration of high doses of certain HCA-containing preparations led to testicular toxicity (i.e., testicular atrophy and impaired spermatogenesis), yielding a no observed adverse effect level of 389 mg HCA/kg bw/day. In view of lack of adequate human data on the safety of HCA preparations, particularly with respect to the human male reproductive system, substantial uncertainties exist regarding the safety of supplements containing high amounts of HCA. © 2017 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim. DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201601020 PMID: 28271601 [Indexed for MEDLINE]

Hepatotoxicity by Dietary Supplements: A Tabular Listing and Clinical Characteristics.

5. Int J Mol Sci. 2016 Apr 9;17(4):537. doi: 10.3390/ijms17040537. Hepatotoxicity by Dietary Supplements: A Tabular Listing and Clinical Characteristics. García-Cortés M(1)(2), Robles-Díaz M(3)(4), Ortega-Alonso A(5), Medina-Caliz I(6), Andrade RJ(7)(8). Author information: (1)Servicio de Farmacología Clíınica and Unidad de Gestión Clínica (UGC) de Gastroenterología y Hepatología, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, Universidad de Málaga (UMA), 29010 Málaga, Spain. mirengar1@hotmail.com. (2)Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), 28029 Madrid, Spain. mirengar1@hotmail.com. (3)Servicio de Farmacología Clíınica and Unidad de Gestión Clínica (UGC) de Gastroenterología y Hepatología, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, Universidad de Málaga (UMA), 29010 Málaga, Spain. mrobles@uma.es. (4)Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), 28029 Madrid, Spain. mrobles@uma.es. (5)Servicio de Farmacología Clíınica and Unidad de Gestión Clínica (UGC) de Gastroenterología y Hepatología, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, Universidad de Málaga (UMA), 29010 Málaga, Spain. aida_ortega_alonso@hotmail.com. (6)Servicio de Farmacología Clíınica and Unidad de Gestión Clínica (UGC) de Gastroenterología y Hepatología, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, Universidad de Málaga (UMA), 29010 Málaga, Spain. imcaliz@uma.es. (7)Servicio de Farmacología Clíınica and Unidad de Gestión Clínica (UGC) de Gastroenterología y Hepatología, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, Universidad de Málaga (UMA), 29010 Málaga, Spain. andrade@uma.es. (8)Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), 28029 Madrid, Spain. andrade@uma.es. Dietary supplements (DS) are extensively consumed worldwide despite unproven efficacy. The true incidence of DS-induced liver injury (DSILI) is unknown but is probably under-diagnosed due to the general belief of safety of these products. Reported cases of herbals and DS-induced liver injury are increasing worldwide. The aim of this manuscript is to report a tabular listing with a description of DS associated with hepatotoxicity as well as review the phenotype and severity of DSILI. Natural remedies related to hepatotoxicity can be divided into herbal product-induced liver injury and DS-induced liver injury. In this article, we describe different DS associated with liver injury, some of them manufactured DS containing several ingredients (Herbalife™ products, Hydroxycut™, LipoKinetix™, UCP-1 and OxyELITE™) while others have a single ingredient (green tea extract, linoleic acid, usnic acid, 1,3-Dimethylamylamine, vitamin A, Garcinia cambogia and ma huang). Additional DS containing some of the aforementioned ingredients implicated in liver injury are also covered. We have also included illicit androgenic anabolic steroids for bodybuilding in this work, as they are frequently sold under the denomination of DS despite being conventional drugs. DOI: 10.3390/ijms17040537 PMCID: PMC4848993 PMID: 27070596 [Indexed for MEDLINE]

Effects of intraduodenal hydroxycitrate on glucose absorption, incretin release, and glycemia in response to intraduodenal glucose infusion in health and type 2 diabetes: A randomised controlled trial.

6. Nutrition. 2016 May;32(5):553-9. doi: 10.1016/j.nut.2015.11.004. Epub 2015 Dec 7. Effects of intraduodenal hydroxycitrate on glucose absorption, incretin release, and glycemia in response to intraduodenal glucose infusion in health and type 2 diabetes: A randomised controlled trial. Thazhath SS(1), Wu T(1), Bound MJ(1), Checklin HL(1), Standfield S(1), Jones KL(1), Horowitz M(2), Rayner CK(3). Author information: (1)Discipline of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, Australia; Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia. (2)Discipline of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, Australia; Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia; Endocrine and Metabolic Unit, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, Australia. (3)Discipline of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, Australia; Centre of Research Excellence in Translating Nutritional Science to Good Health, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia; Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, Australia. Electronic address: chris.rayner@adelaide.edu.au. OBJECTIVE: Hydroxycitric acid (HCA), derived from the fruit Garcinia cambogia, reduces the rate of glucose absorption and lowers postprandial glycemia in rodents, but its effect in humans is unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of small intestinal perfusion with HCA on glucose absorption, as well as the incretin and glycemic responses to a subsequent intraduodenal glucose infusion, in both healthy individuals and patients with type 2 diabetes. METHODS: Twelve healthy participants and 8 patients with type 2 diabetes received an intraduodenal infusion of HCA (2800 mg in water) or control (water) over 60 min, followed by an intraduodenal infusion of 60 g glucose over 120 min, in a double-blind, randomized crossover design. In healthy individuals, 5 g 3-O-methylglucose (3-OMG) was co-infused with glucose as a marker of glucose absorption. Blood was sampled frequently. RESULTS: In healthy individuals, blood glucose was lower with HCA than control, both before and during the intraduodenal glucose infusion (P < 0.05 for each). Plasma glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP; P = 0.01) and glucagon (P = 0.06) were higher with HCA, but there were no differences in plasma glucagon-like peptide (GLP)-1, insulin, or serum 3-OMG concentrations. In patients with type 2 diabetes, blood glucose, and plasma GIP, GLP-1, and insulin did not differ between HCA and control either before or after intraduodenal glucose, but during glucose infusion, plasma glucagon was higher with HCA (P = 0.04). CONCLUSION: In healthy individuals, small intestinal exposure to HCA resulted in a modest reduction in glycemia and stimulation of plasma GIP and glucagon, but no effect on plasma GLP-1 or insulin, or on glucose absorption. HCA had no effect on glycemia in patients with type 2 diabetes. Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2015.11.004 PMID: 26792024 [Indexed for MEDLINE]

Evaluation of the satiating properties of a nutraceutical product containing Garcinia cambogia and Ascophyllum nodosum extracts in healthy volunteers.

7. Food Funct. 2014 Apr;5(4):773-9. doi: 10.1039/c3fo60631g. Evaluation of the satiating properties of a nutraceutical product containing Garcinia cambogia and Ascophyllum nodosum extracts in healthy volunteers. Mayer MA(1), Finlayson G, Fischman D, de Paz C, Telleriarte MR, Ferrero AJ, Bobillo C, Fernández BE. Author information: (1)CESIM Foundation, Santa Rosa, La Pampa, Argentina. marcos.mayer@gmail.com. A nutraceutical product composed of a combination of Garcinia cambogia, l-carnitine and a seaweed extract of Ascophyllum nodosum has been recently developed. The aim of the present study was to characterize its effects on subjective satiety sensations and food preferences in healthy volunteers. In a crossover design, 28 subjects (21 females and 7 males, aged 31 ± 5, BMI 22.6 ± 1.7) were randomly assigned to receive the active treatment (LIS) or placebo (PL) over one week. At the end of each treatment period, subjects were instructed to consume ad libitum a test meal. Food preferences and appetite sensations were evaluated by means of the Leeds Food Preferences Questionnaire and visual analog scales, before and after meal, over three hours. There were no differences in energy intake between study groups. LIS was associated with a reduction in subjective hunger sensations (p = 0.018) and to an increase in satiety (p = 0.02) and fullness (p = 0.01) ratings. The preference for high fat foods was reduced after consuming the test meal in both study groups. There was a significant effect of LIS treatment on food explicit liking and implicit wanting, as evidenced by an increase in preference for sweet foods (relative to savory foods; p = 0.03 and p = 0.004, respectively), but no differences were observed regarding the preference for low or high fat foods (NS). These results provide proof of principle for the satiating properties of a nutraceutical containing Garcinia cambogia, Ascophyllum nodosum extract and l-carnitine and suggest that it might be useful as an appetite modulator. DOI: 10.1039/c3fo60631g PMID: 24563084 [Indexed for MEDLINE]

Review: Evidence-based Clinical Research of Anti-obesity Supplements in Japan.

8. Immunol Endocr Metab Agents Med Chem. 2013 Aug;13(3):185-195. doi: 10.2174/1871522213666131118221347. Review: Evidence-based Clinical Research of Anti-obesity Supplements in Japan. Yasueda A(1), Ito T(1), Maeda K(1). Author information: (1)Department of Complementary & Alternative Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita city, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan. BACKGROUND: The prevalence of obesity has increased dramatically throughout the world, and weight reduction through lifestyle management is urgently warranted. At present, numerous supplements advertised for their anti-overweight property are available in the Japanese market, but most of these lack proper evidence. Thus, we investigated dietary supplements that have been tested in clinical trials. SEARCH STRATEGY: We researched anti-obesity supplements in the Japanese market using the google search engine in Japanese with the key terms "anti-obesity supplements," "diet supplements," and "weight reduction supplements." RESULTS: We listed 49 companies that supply anti-obesity supplements. Of these, 11 had published clinical evidence of the anti-obesity efficacy of their supplements. These products contain the following active ingredients: Angelica keiskei, bofu-tsusho-san, capsaishin, DHA/EPA, forskohlii, garcinia cambogia, lactoferrin, L-carnitine, oligonol, tea catechin, and yeast hydrolysate. CONCLUSION: We obtained 11 supplements for which clinical evidence was published in medical journals in English. We also found 10 products for which clinical or animal evidence was published in Japanese. We expect that many companies will produce evidence of the efficacy of their products in the near future, thereby validating the use of dietary anti-obesity supplements in Japan. DOI: 10.2174/1871522213666131118221347 PMCID: PMC4435568 PMID: 26005506

Plant extracts with appetite suppressing properties for body weight control: a systematic review of double blind randomized controlled clinical trials.

9. Complement Ther Med. 2013 Aug;21(4):407-16. doi: 10.1016/j.ctim.2013.05.007. Epub 2013 Jun 24. Plant extracts with appetite suppressing properties for body weight control: a systematic review of double blind randomized controlled clinical trials. Astell KJ(1), Mathai ML, Su XQ. Author information: (1)College of Health and Biomedicine, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia. OVERVIEW: As obesity has reached epidemic proportions, the management of this global disease is of clinical importance. The availability and popularity of natural dietary supplements for the treatment of obesity has risen dramatically in recent years. AIMS: The aim of this paper was to assess the current evidence of commonly available natural supplements used to suppress appetite for obesity control and management in humans using a systematic search of clinical trials meeting an acceptable standard of evidence. METHODS: The electronic databases PubMed, Web of Science, Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, and MEDLINE with full text (via EBSCOHost) were accessed during late 2012 for randomized controlled clinical trials (RCTs) using natural plant extracts as interventions to treat obesity through appetite regulation. A quality analysis using a purpose-designed scale and an estimation of effect size, where data were available, was also calculated. The inclusion criteria included the following: sample participants classified as overweight or obese adults (aged 18-65 years), randomized, double blind, controlled design, suitable placebo/control intervention, sample size >20, duration of intervention >2 weeks, have measurable outcomes on appetite or food intake and anthropometry, and full paper in English. RESULTS: There were 14 studies that met the inclusion criteria. The findings from published double blind RCTs revealed mostly inconclusive evidence that plant extracts are effective in reducing body weight through appetite suppression. Caralluma fimbriata extract and a combination supplement containing Garcinia cambogia plus Gymnema sylvestre were the only exceptions. CONCLUSION: According to the findings from this systematic review, the evidence is not convincing in demonstrating that most dietary supplements used as appetite suppressants for weight loss in the treatment of obesity are effective and safe. A balance between conclusive findings by double blind RCTs and advertisement is required to avoid safety concerns and dissatisfaction from consumers. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. DOI: 10.1016/j.ctim.2013.05.007 PMID: 23876572 [Indexed for MEDLINE]

Does Glycine max leaves or Garcinia Cambogia promote weight-loss or lower plasma cholesterol in overweight individuals: a randomized control trial.

10. Nutr J. 2011 Sep 21;10:94. doi: 10.1186/1475-2891-10-94. Does Glycine max leaves or Garcinia Cambogia promote weight-loss or lower plasma cholesterol in overweight individuals: a randomized control trial. Kim JE(1), Jeon SM, Park KH, Lee WS, Jeong TS, McGregor RA, Choi MS. Author information: (1)Center for Food and Nutritional Genomics Research, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea. BACKGROUND: Natural food supplements with high flavonoid content are often claimed to promote weight-loss and lower plasma cholesterol in animal studies, but human studies have been more equivocal. The aim of this study was firstly to determine the effectiveness of natural food supplements containing Glycine max leaves extract (EGML) or Garcinia cambogia extract (GCE) to promote weight-loss and lower plasma cholesterol. Secondly to examine whether these supplements have any beneficial effect on lipid, adipocytokine or antioxidant profiles. METHODS: Eighty-six overweight subjects (Male:Female = 46:40, age: 20~50 yr, BMI > 23 < 29) were randomly assigned to three groups and administered tablets containing EGML (2 g/day), GCE (2 g/day) or placebo (starch, 2 g/day) for 10 weeks. At baseline and after 10 weeks, body composition, plasma cholesterol and diet were assessed. Blood analysis was also conducted to examine plasma lipoproteins, triglycerides, adipocytokines and antioxidants. RESULTS: EGML and GCE supplementation failed to promote weight-loss or any clinically significant change in %body fat. The EGML group had lower total cholesterol after 10 weeks compared to the placebo group (p < 0.05). EGML and GCE had no effect on triglycerides, non-HDL-C, adipocytokines or antioxidants when compared to placebo supplementation. However, HDL-C was higher in the EGML group (p < 0.001) after 10 weeks compared to the placebo group. CONCLUSIONS: Ten weeks of EGML or GCE supplementation did not promote weight-loss or lower total cholesterol in overweight individuals consuming their habitual diet. Although, EGML did increase plasma HDL-C levels which is associated with a lower risk of atherosclerosis. DOI: 10.1186/1475-2891-10-94 PMCID: PMC3189865 PMID: 21936892 [Indexed for MEDLINE]

Effects of Garcinia cambogia extract on serum sex hormones in overweight subjects.

11. Fitoterapia. 2008 Jun;79(4):255-61. doi: 10.1016/j.fitote.2007.12.003. Epub 2008 Feb 9. Effects of Garcinia cambogia extract on serum sex hormones in overweight subjects. Hayamizu K(1), Tomi H, Kaneko I, Shen M, Soni MG, Yoshino G. Author information: (1)FANCL Research Institute, Kamishinano 12-13, Totsuka-ku, Yokohama, Japan. kohayamizu@fancl.co.jp (-) Hydroxycitric acid (HCA), an active ingredient extracted from the Garcinia cambogia fruit rind, has been commonly used as a dietary supplement for weight management. Given the controversy over HCA related testicular toxicity in animal studies, we investigated changes in serum sex hormones levels as an extension of our previous double-blind placebo-controlled trial in human subjects, in which 44 participants received either G. cambogia extract (1667.3 mg/day equivalent to 1000 mg HCA/day) or placebo for 12 weeks. Compared to the placebo group, administration of the extract did not significantly alter the serum testosterone, estrone, and estradiol levels. Similarly, hematology, serum triacylglycerol and serum clinical pathology parameters did not reveal any significant adverse effects. The results of this preliminary investigation indicate that ingestion of G. cambogia extract at dose levels commonly recommended for human use does not affect serum sex hormone levels and blood parameters. DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2007.12.003 PMID: 18316163 [Indexed for MEDLINE]

An overview of the safety and efficacy of a novel, natural(-)-hydroxycitric acid extract (HCA-SX) for weight management.

12. J Med. 2004;35(1-6):33-48. An overview of the safety and efficacy of a novel, natural(-)-hydroxycitric acid extract (HCA-SX) for weight management. Preuss HG(1), Rao CV, Garis R, Bramble JD, Ohia SE, Bagchi M, Bagchi D. Author information: (1)Department of Physiology, Medicine and Pathology Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA. Garcinia cambogia-derived (-)-hydroxycitric acid (HCA) is a safe, natural supplement for weight management. HCA is a competitive inhibitor of ATP citrate lyase, a key enzyme which facilitates the synthesis of fatty acids, cholesterol and triglycerides. Previous studies in our laboratories have demonstrated the superior bioavailability of a novel calcium-potassium salt of HCA derived from Garcinia cambogia (HCA-SX, Super CitriMax). Greater bioavailability of HCA-SX was observed when taken on an empty stomach. HCA-SX was also shown to exhibit concentration-dependent release of serotonin in isolated rat brain cortex, which may explain its appetite suppressive action. Acute oral, acute dermal, primary dermal irritation, primary eye irritation and 90-day chronic toxicity studies, as well as Ames bacterial reverse mutation and mouse lymphoma tests, were assessed to determine the safety of HCA-SX. In the 90-day toxicity study, dose- and time-dependent effects of HCA-SX were assessed on body weight, selected organ weights, hepatic and testicular lipid peroxidation and DNA fragmentation, hematology and clinical chemistry, and histopathology in male and female Sprague-Dawley rats. No remarkable toxicity results were detected, demonstrating the safety of HCA-SX. Furthermore, clinical studies to evaluate the safety and efficacy of HCA-SX over a period of eight weeks were conducted in 60 human volunteers. Subjects were given a 2,000 kcal diet/day, participated in a 30 min walking exercise program 5 days/week and given an oral dose of placebo or 4666.7 mg HCA-SX (providing 2,800 mg HCA) in three equally divided doses 30-60 min before meals, Body weight, BMI, lipid profiles, serum leptin, serotonin and excretion of urinary fat metabolites were determined at 0, 4 and 8 weeks of treatment. At the end of 8 weeks, body weight and BMI decreased by 5.4% and 5.2%, respectively. Food intake, total cholesterol, LDL, triglycerides and serum leptin levels were significantly reduced, while HDL and serotonin levels, and excretion of urinary fat metabolites (a biomarker of fat oxidation) significantly increased. No significant adverse effects were reported. These results demonstrate the safety, bioavailability and efficacy of HCA-SX in weight management. PMID: 18084863 [Indexed for MEDLINE]

Efficacy of 12 weeks supplementation of a botanical extract-based weight loss formula on body weight, body composition and blood chemistry in healthy, overweight subjects--a randomised double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial.

13. Eur J Med Res. 2006 Aug 30;11(8):343-50. Efficacy of 12 weeks supplementation of a botanical extract-based weight loss formula on body weight, body composition and blood chemistry in healthy, overweight subjects--a randomised double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial. Opala T(1), Rzymski P, Pischel I, Wilczak M, Wozniak J. Author information: (1)Department of Mother's and Child's Health, Poznan University of Medical Science, Polna St 33, Poznan, Poland. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of composite extracts in reducing weight, as the main outcome measure. Secondary measures of the study were body composition change. DESIGN: Randomised, double blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. SETTING: Tertiary university clinic. SUBJECTS: hundred and five subjects, 5 of them withdrawn consent, 2 drop-outs not related to study preparation. INTERVENTION: two tablet per meal concept supposed to generate a "psychological" therapy-like approach during 12 weeks supported by measured physical activity. The tablets 1 (one hour before meals, comprises extracts of Asparagus, Green tea, Black tea, Guarana, Mate and Kidney beans) and 2 (taken half an hour after meals, comprises extracts of Kidney bean pods, Garcinia cambogia, and Chromium yeast) are taken twice daily with two main meals. RESULTS: A significant change of the Body Composition Improvement Index (BCI) was observed in the active extract group compared to placebo (p = 0.012). Weight, BMI, waist-to-hip ratio was not statistically different between groups. Body fat loss was greater in active group (p = 0.011) compared to placebo. A weight loss parameter corrected for exercise was introduced and found to be higher in active group (p = 0.046) than in placebo, meaning that the formula was more efficacious, due to a concurrently performed exercise program--a recommended strategy for life style modification. CONCLUSIONS: A significant change of the Body Composition Improvement Index and the decrease in body fat was statistically significant in active extract subjects compared to placebo. A change in some outcome measures like: weight, BMI failed to produce significant difference between groups. PMID: 17052970 [Indexed for MEDLINE]