EPA

Enhanced anticancer properties of lomustine in conjunction with docosahexaenoic acid in glioblastoma cell lines.

1. J Neurosurg. 2015 Mar;122(3):547-56. doi: 10.3171/2014.10.JNS14759. Epub 2014 Dec 19. Enhanced anticancer properties of lomustine in conjunction with docosahexaenoic acid in glioblastoma cell lines. Harvey KA(1), Xu Z, Saaddatzadeh MR, Wang H, Pollok K, Cohen-Gadol AA, Siddiqui RA. Author i

Does parenteral Omega-3 fatty acid administration increase the risk of atrial fibrillation? An analysis of the current evidence.

2. Clin Nutr. 2025 Dec;55:223-230. doi: 10.1016/j.clnu.2025.11.013. Epub 2025 Nov 21. Does parenteral Omega-3 fatty acid administration increase the risk of atrial fibrillation? An analysis of the current evidence. Hartl WH(1), Meybohm P(2), Pirlich M(3), Mayer K(4), Elke G(5), Stoppe C(6), von

Redox signaling and antioxidant therapies in acute respiratory distress syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

3. Expert Rev Respir Med. 2021 Oct;15(10):1355-1365. doi: 10.1080/17476348.2021.1924681. Epub 2021 Jun 8. Redox signaling and antioxidant therapies in acute respiratory distress syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Bo L(1)(2), Jin F(3), Ma Z(1), Li C(1). Author information: (1)Depar

Polyunsaturated fatty acids and suicide risk in mood disorders: A systematic review.

4. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2017 Mar 6;74:43-56. doi: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2016.11.007. Epub 2016 Dec 8. Polyunsaturated fatty acids and suicide risk in mood disorders: A systematic review. Pompili M(1), Longo L(2), Dominici G(2), Serafini G(3), Lamis DA(4), Sarris J(5), Amore M(3)

Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Maternal and Child Health: An Updated Systematic Review.

5. Evid Rep Technol Assess (Full Rep). 2016 Oct;(224):1-826. doi: 10.23970/AHRQEPCERTA224. Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Maternal and Child Health: An Updated Systematic Review. Newberry SJ(1), Chung M(1), Booth M(1), Maglione MA(1), Tang AM(1), O'Hanlon CE(1), Wang DD(1), Okunogbe A(1), Huang C(1), M

Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis of genetic, pharmacogenetic and biochemical studies.

6. Mol Psychiatry. 2016 Jul;21(7):872-84. doi: 10.1038/mp.2016.74. Epub 2016 May 24. Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis of genetic, pharmacogenetic and biochemical studies. Bonvicini C(1), Faraone SV(2)(3)(4), Scassellati C(1). Author infor

Combined effectiveness of omega-3 PUFA-rich fish oil supplementation and high-intensity interval training in obesity associated metabolic dysfunction: Protocol for a double-blind, randomized clinical trial.

1. Contemp Clin Trials. 2026 Apr 15;165:108311. doi: 10.1016/j.cct.2026.108311. Online ahead of print. Combined effectiveness of omega-3 PUFA-rich fish oil supplementation and high-intensity interval training in obesity associated metabolic dysfunction: Protocol for a double-blind, randomized clinical trial. Azari H(1), Combs D(1), Galindo S(1), Jafarabadi GS(1), Chemitiganti R(2), Park OH(3), Moustaid-Moussa N(4), Dhanasekara CS(5), Albracht-Schulte K(6). Author information: (1)Department of Kinesiology & Sport Management, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA; Center of Excellence in Obesity and Cardiometabolic Research, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA. (2)Center of Excellence for Diabetes and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, School of Medicine, Permian Basin, Odessa, TX, USA. (3)Department of Nutritional Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA. (4)Center of Excellence in Obesity and Cardiometabolic Research, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA; School of Veterinary Medicine, Texas Tech University, Amarillo, TX, USA; Institute for One Health Innovation, Texas Tech University and Texas Tech Health Sciences Center, USA; Department of Cell Biology & Biochemistry, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, School of Medicine, Lubbock, TX, United States. (5)Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA. (6)Department of Kinesiology & Sport Management, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA; Center of Excellence in Obesity and Cardiometabolic Research, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA. Electronic address: Kembra.Albracht@ttu.edu. BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Obesity rates continue to rise globally, highlighting the need for prevention and targeted treatment strategies. Chronic systemic low-grade inflammation and gut microbiota dysbiosis are key contributors to obesity-associated metabolic diseases. Anti-inflammatory dietary components, such as fish oil rich in omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs), reduce inflammation and improve metabolic outcomes. Similarly, physical activity improves metabolic health and attenuates chronic systemic inflammation, with varying benefits according to exercise intensity. While both interventions independently modulate inflammation and gut microbiota, their combined effects warrant further research. This study investigates the combined impact of n-3 PUFA supplementation and high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on obesity-related inflammation and gut microbiota dysbiosis, hypothesizing that improvements in gut microbiota composition driven by n-3 PUFAs may enhance the metabolic benefits of exercise. DESIGN AND METHODS: Adults with a body mass index (BMI) ≥ 25 kg/m2 are randomized to receive either 4 g/day n-3 PUFA or safflower oil (placebo) for 10 weeks. During weeks 0-4, participants take the assigned supplement. Beginning in week 4, one n-3 PUFA group and one placebo group will additionally complete 4-weeks of HIIT. Control groups perform low-intensity training (LIT) for 4 weeks. The last two weeks are a detraining phase with continued supplementation. DISCUSSION: This study explores the benefits of combining short-term HIIT and n-3 PUFA supplementation in individuals with overweight or obesity. The findings inform measurable, time-efficient interventions that target systemic inflammation, gut microbiota dysbiosis, and metabolic dysfunctions. Copyright © 2026 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. DOI: 10.1016/j.cct.2026.108311 PMID: 41997541 Conflict of interest statement: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare no competing interests.

Effects of eight weeks of eicosapentaenoic acid and medium-chain triacylglycerol structured lipid intake on EPA/AA ratio and muscle performance in young men.

2. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2026 Dec 31;23(1):2658774. doi: 10.1080/15502783.2026.2658774. Epub 2026 Apr 16. Effects of eight weeks of eicosapentaenoic acid and medium-chain triacylglycerol structured lipid intake on EPA/AA ratio and muscle performance in young men. Shimizu T(1), Tsuchiya Y(2), Ueda H(3), Yokoi K(4), Yanagimoto K(4), Ochi E(5)(6). Author information: (1)Faculty of Health and Medical Science, Teikyo Heisei University, Tokyo, Japan. (2)Center for Liberal Arts, Laboratory of Health and Sports Sciences, Meiji Gakuin University, Kanagawa, Japan. (3)Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Hosei University, Tokyo, Japan. (4)Food Function R&D Center, Nissui Corporation, Tokyo, Japan. (5)Faculty of Bioscience and Applied Chemistry, Hosei University, Tokyo, Japan. (6)Graduate School of Sports and Health Studies, Hosei University, Tokyo, Japan. BACKGROUND: Structured triglycerides (STGs), in which eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) are esterified with medium-chain triglycerides (MCTs), have demonstrated greater bioavailability and potential benefits in improving endurance and reducing post-exercise strength loss compared with physical mixtures (PMs) of EPA and MCTs. However, it remains unclear whether STGs have superior effects on blood EPA levels and muscular endurance and fatigue. This study compared the effects of 8-week STG and PM intake on blood EPA levels, muscular endurance, and fatigue following resistance exercise. METHODS: Twenty-eight healthy young men were randomly assigned to an STG group (n = 15) or a PM group (n = 13) in a double-blind, parallel-group, active comparator trial. Participants consumed 4,560 mg/day of the test oil (600 mg EPA, 260 mg DHA) for 8 weeks. After the intervention, the participants performed four sets of leg extensions to exhaustion at 40% of their body weight. Muscular endurance was assessed by the number of repetitions, and fatigue was evaluated by changes in maximal voluntary contraction, range of motion, thigh circumference, muscle thickness, echo intensity, and jump performance. RESULTS: The STG group showed a significantly greater increase in the serum EPA/arachidonic acid (AA) ratio compared with the PM group. However, no significant differences were found between groups in repetition counts or fatigue-related measures. CONCLUSION: Eight weeks of STG supplementation improved the blood EPA/AA ratio more than a PM, but did not yield superior effects on muscle endurance or fatigue. DOI: 10.1080/15502783.2026.2658774 PMCID: PMC13094201 PMID: 41992745 [Indexed for MEDLINE] Conflict of interest statement: The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Determining the half-life and turnover rate of EPA, n-3 docosapentaenoic acid, and DHA in humans using the natural abundance of carbon-13: a secondary analysis of a randomized clinical trial.

3. Am J Clin Nutr. 2026 Apr 7:101311. doi: 10.1016/j.ajcnut.2026.101311. Online ahead of print. Determining the half-life and turnover rate of EPA, n-3 docosapentaenoic acid, and DHA in humans using the natural abundance of carbon-13: a secondary analysis of a randomized clinical trial. Symington A(1), Wu D(2), Chen CT(3), Del Vecchio M(4), Zahradka P(5), Taylor C(6), Aukema HM(4), Kong D(2), Metherel AH(3), Bazinet RP(3). Author information: (1)Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Electronic address: amy.symington@mail.utoronto.ca. (2)Department of Statistical Sciences, University of Toronto, ON, Canada. (3)Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada. (4)Department of Food and Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada; Canadian Centre for Agri-Food Research in Health and Medicine, St Boniface Albrechtsen Research Centre, Winnipeg, MB, Canada. (5)Canadian Centre for Agri-Food Research in Health and Medicine, St Boniface Albrechtsen Research Centre, Winnipeg, MB, Canada; Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada. (6)Department of Food and Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada; Canadian Centre for Agri-Food Research in Health and Medicine, St Boniface Albrechtsen Research Centre, Winnipeg, MB, Canada; Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada. BACKGROUND: Tools to measure omega-3 (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) half-lives and turnover deserve attention, as eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) play vital roles in the body. Plants and marine life vary in fixed carbon-13 signatures (δ13C), allowing in vivo tracing. OBJECTIVES: To determine the half-lives and turnover of n-3 PUFAs using δ13C in this secondary analysis. METHODS: During a 28-d randomized crossover study (6-wk wash-in phase/washout phase), 12 participants (aged 19-34 y) were supplemented with 4.2 g/d α-linolenic acid (ALA) (flax oil) or 4.3 g/d DHA, 1.0 g/d EPA, and 0.2 g/d docosapentaenoic acid (n-3 DPA) (fish oil). Blood was collected on days 0, 1, 3, 7, 14, and 28. Plasma n-3 PUFA δ13C signatures were analyzed by gas chromatography-isotope ratio mass spectrometry (GC-IRMS) to calculate half-lives and turnover. RESULTS: δ13C signatures of flax oil ALA, fish oil EPA, n-3 DPA, and DHA were -33.2 ± 1.4, -26.3 ± 2.2, -26.2 ± 1.5, and -25.4 ± 1.3 mUr, respectively. Baseline signatures were not statistically different. Over time, δ13C of EPA, n-3 DPA, and DHA converged toward the isotopic signature of the fish oil supplement (P < 0.05). Using δ13C signatures, half-lives of EPA, n-3 DPA, and DHA (3.4 ± 2.7, 6.4 ± 5.3, and 6.3 ± 8.9 d, mean ± SD, respectively) and turnover rates (61.9 ± 53.1, 6.0 ± 2.9, and 78.0 ± 44.5 nmol/mL/d, respectively) were calculated. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first study to investigate n-3 PUFA half-lives and turnover in humans using GC-IRMS and the natural variance of 13C in commercial fish oils. These results were similar to preclinical model values and other clinically used methods but added the first estimate for n-3 DPA half-life and turnover rate. Compound-specific isotope analysis is a valuable tool in human studies for determining n-3 PUFA half-lives and turnover rate, as well as factors affecting them, including diet, exercise, sex, genetics, and disease. Copyright © 2026 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. DOI: 10.1016/j.ajcnut.2026.101311 PMID: 41956323 Conflict of interest statement: Conflict of interest The funders had no role in the design, execution, or interpretation of the research. AHM is on the Board of Directors of the International Society for the Study of Fatty Acids and Lipids. AHM is also a Science Advisor for Benexia and Natures Crops International and was a coapplicant on a joint government/industry funded research grant with Natures Crops International. RPB. has received industrial grants, including those matched by the Canadian government, and/or travel support from Arctic Nutrition, Bunge Ltd., DSM, The Dairy Farmers of Canada, Mead Johnson, Natures Crops International, Nestec Inc, Pharmavite, and Sansero Life Sciences Inc. RPB. has served as a consultant to Bunge Ltd., Fonterra and Red Abbey Labs. Moreover, RPB. was on the executive committee of the International Society for the Study of Fatty Acids and Lipids and held a meeting on behalf of fatty acids and cell signaling, both of which rely on corporate sponsorship. RPB. has given expert testimony in relation to supplements and the brain. The other authors report no conflicts of interest.

Effects of Omega-3 Supplementation on Inflammation and Recovery in Sports: A Meta-Analysis.

4. FASEB J. 2026 Apr 15;40(7):e71709. doi: 10.1096/fj.202504783R. Effects of Omega-3 Supplementation on Inflammation and Recovery in Sports: A Meta-Analysis. Li Z(1), Zhang B(2). Author information: (1)Police Physical Skills Department, Guangdong Justice Police Vocational College, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China. (2)Institute of Physical Education, Huanggang Normal University, Hubei, China. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are known to modulate inflammatory signaling and enhance muscle recovery from exercise-induced stress. In this work, a meta-analysis was conducted that adhered to the PRISMA 2020 criteria, incorporating evidence from 41 randomized controlled trials on eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) supplementation, all of which had been conducted as evidence between 2011 and 2025 and evaluated the effects of EPA and DHA supplementation on the primary markers of the impact of exercise on inflammation and muscle injury, including the random-effects model with moderator dose, intervention duration, sex, and training status. The integrated findings showed that interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-α, creatine kinase, and delayed-onset muscle soreness (standardized mean difference = -0.4 to -0.7) were significantly and moderately reduced, indicating a uniform response to omega-3 supplementation's anti-inflammatory and recovery-promoting effects. C-reactive protein responses were more dispersed, suggesting that baseline inflammation differed and that the sampling protocols did as well. Subgroup analyses showed that doses of 2 g/day or more of mixed EPA + DHA, with a minimum duration of 6 weeks of administration, produced the strongest effects, especially among recreational athletes rather than elite athletes. Mechanistically, nuclear factor-kappa B activation and the ensuing synthesis of specialized pro-resolving mediators (resolvins, protectins, and maresins), as well as an increase in cellular antioxidant capacity, appear to be moderated by omega-3 supplementation and support efficient resolution of inflammation and tissue repair. These results form a body of evidence over more than 10 years, showing that omega-3 fatty acids are a strong, evidence-based nutritional tool for reducing the effects of post-exercise inflammation, supporting functional recovery, and sustaining long-term athletic performance. © 2026 Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology. DOI: 10.1096/fj.202504783R PMID: 41891174 [Indexed for MEDLINE]

Effect of high-docosahexaenoic acid omega-3 supplementation in low-risk pregnant women on maternal and neonatal health outcomes in Southeast Brazil: a randomized clinical trial.

5. J Trop Pediatr. 2026 Feb 9;72(2):fmag019. doi: 10.1093/tropej/fmag019. Effect of high-docosahexaenoic acid omega-3 supplementation in low-risk pregnant women on maternal and neonatal health outcomes in Southeast Brazil: a randomized clinical trial. de Sousa TM(1), Cotting CSO(2), Ferreira LA(3), Osanan GC(4), Dos Santos LC(2). Author information: (1)Social Nutrition Department, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 20550-013, Brazil. (2)Nutrition Department, Federal University Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 30120-010, Brazil. (3)Jenny de Andrade Faria Institute, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 30120-010, Brazil. (4)Gynecology and Obstetrics Department, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 30120-010, Brazil. Despite well-documented benefits of omega-3 for maternal and child health, evidence on high-docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) supplementation in low-risk pregnant women is limited. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial was conducted among low-risk pregnant women aged 20-40 years at 22-24 weeks of gestation to evaluate the effects of high-DHA omega-3 supplementation on maternal and neonatal health outcomes. The control group (CG, n = 30) received oral olive oil supplementation, and the intervention group (IG, n = 30) received omega-3 [1700 mg, 260 mg of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and 1440 mg of DHA] for ∼16 weeks or until delivery. Maternal and neonatal health outcomes were collected by telephone 15 days after delivery. Forty-five pregnant women completed the study (IG: 20; CG: 25). Adherence to supplementation was above 90% and did not differ between groups (P > .05). There were no differences between groups in mean gestational age (CG: 39.3 ± 1.6; IG: 39.2 ± 1.6; P = .877), adequate gestational weight gain (CG: 24.0%; IG: 50.0%; P = .088), adequate gestational BMI before delivery (CG: 33.3%; IG: 27.8%; P = .261), vaginal delivery (CG: 72.0%; IG: 60.0%; P = .396), full-term birth (CG: 92%; IG: 90%; P = .815), adequate weight (CG: 91.3%; IG: 94.7%; P = .237), and adequate length for gestational age (CG: 82.6%; IG: 100%; P = .056). Omega-3 supplementation with a higher concentration of DHA had no effect on the maternal and neonatal health outcomes investigated in a Brazilian sample of low-risk pregnant women. Further studies are needed to evaluate this effect in pregnant women at higher nutritional risk and with low dietary intake of omega-3. © The Author(s) [2026]. Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved. For commercial re-use, please contact reprints@oup.com for reprints and translation rights for reprints. All other permissions can be obtained through our RightsLink service via the Permissions link on the article page on our site—for further information please contact journals.permissions@oup.com. DOI: 10.1093/tropej/fmag019 PMID: 41847904 [Indexed for MEDLINE]

Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation for muscle health in community-dwelling older adults at high risk of sarcopenia: protocol for a multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.

6. BMJ Open. 2026 Feb 27;16(2):e113455. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2025-113455. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation for muscle health in community-dwelling older adults at high risk of sarcopenia: protocol for a multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Zhang Z(1)(2), Jiang Y(1)(2), Su S(1)(2), Wang L(3), Bian D(3)(2)(4). Author information: (1)Department of Geriatrics, Medical Center on Aging of Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China. (2)College of Health Science and Technology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China. (3)Department of Geriatrics, Medical Center on Aging of Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China biandd1211@163.com wl10779@rjh.com.cn. (4)Department of Clinical Nutrition, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China. INTRODUCTION: Sarcopenia imposes a substantial burden on society, while omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (n-3 PUFA) supplementation holds the potential for preventing and treating this condition. This study aims to investigate the efficacy of three different n-3 PUFA supplementation regimens compared with each other and to corn oil placebo intervention on muscle health in community-dwelling older adults at high risk of sarcopenia. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: A total of 400 community-dwelling older adults aged 60 years or older, with handgrip strength <28 kg (men) or <18 kg (women), will be recruited for this multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Participants will be randomly allocated (1:1:1:1) to one of four groups for 6 months: (1) the high eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) group, (2) the high docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) group, (3) the high sn2-DHA group, (4) the corn oil control group. All intervention products will be packaged as capsules and administered at a daily dose of 2.5 g. The primary outcome is the change in handgrip strength. Secondary outcomes include changes in skeletal muscle mass, physical function, inflammation- and metabolism-related blood biomarkers and gut microbiota diversity. A ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: This study was approved by the Ruijin Hospital Ethics Committee. Trial findings will be disseminated via publications in international peer-reviewed journals and presentations at relevant academic conferences. Study results will be made available to participants and the public on study completion. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: ChiCTR2500110506. © Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2026. Re-use permitted under CC BY-NC. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ Group. DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2025-113455 PMCID: PMC12958875 PMID: 41760148 [Indexed for MEDLINE] Conflict of interest statement: Competing interests: None declared.

Effects of Structured Lipid Supplementation for Eight Weeks on Substrate Utilization During Moderate Intensity Exercise in Healthy Untrained Men.

7. Nutrients. 2026 Feb 9;18(4):567. doi: 10.3390/nu18040567. Effects of Structured Lipid Supplementation for Eight Weeks on Substrate Utilization During Moderate Intensity Exercise in Healthy Untrained Men. Wang C(1), Qi JY(1), Han L(2), Yokoi K(2), Yanagimoto K(2), Wang XT(1), Fang ZL(1), Hou SL(1). Author information: (1)School of Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China. (2)Nippon Suisan Kaisha, Ltd. (Nissui Corporation), Tokyo 100-8686, Japan. Background: Structured lipids, composed of re-esterified triacylglycerols containing eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and medium-chain fatty acids, may influence metabolism and endurance performance. This trial aimed to evaluate the effects of eight weeks of structured lipid supplementation on substrate utilization, erythrocyte fatty acid content, and endurance performance in healthy untrained men. Methods: In a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized design, 36 participants (18 per group) received either structured lipids or placebo supplementation for eight weeks. Pre- and post-supplementation assessments included maximal oxygen uptake, time to exhaustion, substrate oxidation during exercise at 65% VO2max, and erythrocyte membrane fatty acid content. Non-parametric statistical methods were used to analyze within- and between-group differences. Results: After supplementation, the structured lipids group showed statistically significant within-group changes in substrate utilization, including lower respiratory exchange ratio and higher percentage fat oxidation, total fat oxidation, and mean fat oxidation rate. Statistically significant increases were also observed in erythrocyte EPA + DHA content and time to exhaustion. Compared with the placebo group, the structured lipids group showed statistically significant post-intervention differences in substrate oxidation, erythrocyte EPA + DHA levels, and time to exhaustion. Conclusions: Eight weeks of structured lipid supplementation increased erythrocyte membrane EPA and DHA and enhanced fat oxidation during moderate-intensity exercise in untrained men. Although endurance performance improved, the change was within natural variability and showed substantial interindividual differences. Further rigorously controlled studies are needed to determine whether these metabolic adaptations yield meaningful functional benefits. DOI: 10.3390/nu18040567 PMCID: PMC12942799 PMID: 41754084 [Indexed for MEDLINE] Conflict of interest statement: Authors Li Han, Kaori Yokoi and Kenichi Yanagimoto were employed by the company Nissui Corporation. The remaining authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

OMEGA-3 POLYUNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS AND HYPERTENSION: A REVIEW OF VASOACTIVE MECHANISMS AND IMPLICATIONS FOR CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE.

8. Georgian Med News. 2025 Dec;(369):266-271. OMEGA-3 POLYUNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS AND HYPERTENSION: A REVIEW OF VASOACTIVE MECHANISMS AND IMPLICATIONS FOR CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE. Jawhar M(1), Zainal H(2), Harun S(2), Saeed B(1). Author information: (1)1Ibn Sina University of medical and pharmaceutical Sciences, Baghdad, Iraq. (2)2University Sains Malaysia. BACKGROUND AND AIM: Hypertension is an unparalleled risk factor among cardiovascular diseases (CVD) and has been reported to target over 1.4 billion people globally. The Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), especially the eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and the docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) have been put forward as possible non-pharmacological interventions to control blood pressure because they are known to be vasoactive. The purpose of the systematic review was to summarize available evidence on the vasoactive properties of omega-3 PUFAs, and how these properties apply in managing hypertension and reduction of cardiovascular risk. METHODS: Systematic review was done in compliance with the PRISMA guidelines. The search in PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science was conducted to identify the publications published between 2010 and 2025. Inclusion criteria were randomized controlled trials, cohort studies, and other related meta-analyses on the effect of EPA and/or DHA on blood pressure, and endothelial function, inflammation, lipid metabolism, and cardiovascular outcomes. Synthesis of data was done in the form of systematic narrative without quantitative pooling. RESULTS: Randomized controlled trial evidence has shown that omega-3 PUFA supplementation is linked with slight systolic and diastolic blood pressure decreases especially in hypertensive or those with high cardiometabolic risk persons. These effects have been shown to mediate via enhancement of endothelial nitric oxide bioavailability, reduction of vascular inflammation and positive remodeling of lipid profiles. Diversity of the outcomes of the studies was noticed and probably it is the difference in dosage, ratios of EPA:DHA, duration of the intervention, and the population specifics at the baseline. CONCLUSION: Omega-3 PUFAs have shown promise as supplemental agents in the process of controlling hypertension and prevention of cardiovascular disease by a variety of complementary vasoactive pathways. Nonetheless, the heterogeneity of the studies does not allow conclusive findings on the best dosing strategies. Standardized hypertension-oriented large-scale randomized controlled trials conducted in the future are justified to improve clinical practice. PMID: 41687665 [Indexed for MEDLINE]

The effects of marine fatty acid omega-3 supplements on incident fractures and bone mineral density in generally healthy adults.

9. J Bone Miner Res. 2026 Mar 2;41(3):242-250. doi: 10.1093/jbmr/zjaf172. The effects of marine fatty acid omega-3 supplements on incident fractures and bone mineral density in generally healthy adults. LeBoff MS(1)(2), Chou SH(1), Ratnarajah DM(1), Cook NR(2)(3)(4), Khurana B(2)(5), Kim E(3), Kotler G(3), Cawthon PM(6)(7), Bauer DC(7)(8), Black D(7), Gallagher JC(9), Lee IM(2)(3)(4), Buring JE(2)(3)(4), Manson JE(2)(3)(4). Author information: (1)Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, United States. (2)Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, United States. (3)Division of Preventive Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, United States. (4)Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, United States. (5)Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, United States. (6)California Pacific Medical Center Research Institute, San Francisco, CA 94107, United States. (7)Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, United States. (8)Department of Medicine, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, United States. (9)Department of Endocrinology, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, NE 68122, United States. Although preclinical studies suggest that omega-3 fatty acids may benefit skeletal health, there are few randomized controlled trials investigating effects of supplemental omega-3 on bone outcomes. This VITamin D and OmegA-3 TriaL (VITAL) ancillary study investigated effects of marine omega-3 (1 g/d; EPA+DHA in a 1.2:1 ratio) vs placebo supplements on fracture risk and bone density/structure. VITAL is a 2 × 2 factorial randomized placebo-controlled trial that studied effects of supplemental marine omega-3 fatty acids and/or vitamin D3 vs placebo on cancer and cardiovascular events. The intervention took place from November 2011 through December 2017; median follow-up was 5.3 yr. The study included 25 871 U.S. men (aged ≥50) and women (aged ≥55) without baseline cancer or cardiovascular disease, not selected for low bone density or fracture history. Primary outcomes were adjudicated incident total, nonvertebral, and hip fractures in the overall cohort. In a subcohort of 771 individuals, we measured 2-yr changes in areal BMD (aBMD) by DXA, and volumetric BMD (vBMD), cortical thickness, and bone strength indices at the radius and tibia by peripheral QCT. Supplemental omega-3 vs placebo had no effect on total (HR, 1.02; 95% CI, 0.92-1.13; p = .73), nonvertebral (HR, 1.01; 95% CI, 0.91-1.12; p = .80), or hip fractures (HR, 0.89; 95% CI, 0.61-1.30; p = .55). In the subcohort, omega-3 supplementation resulted in a small increase in whole body aBMD (+0.03% vs -0.41%, p = .006) and no effect on aBMD at the spine or hip, or vBMD or bone strength indices at the radius or tibia. No serious adverse effects were observed. Supplementation with marine omega-3 fatty acids did not reduce incident fracture risk. It led to a small increase in whole body aBMD but had no other effects on BMD or bone strength measures compared to placebo in generally healthy midlife and older adults. Plain Language Summary: Animal studies suggest that omega-3 fatty acid supplements may help bone health. However, there are few human clinical trials assessing the impact of supplemental omega-3 on bone density and fracture risk. This ancillary study to the VITamin D and OmegA-3 TriaL investigated if supplementation with marine omega-3 fatty acids improves bone outcomes in 25 871 men and women (average age 67.1 yr). Supplemental omega-3 fatty acids, compared to placebo, did not reduce total, nonspine, or hip fractures over 5.3 yr of treatment. Omega-3 fatty acid supplementation for 2 yr also did not improve spine or hip bone density in a smaller group of 771 participants. In this very large study, marine omega-3 fatty acid supplementation did not reduce incident fracture risk or benefit bone density in community-dwelling midlife to older adults. © The Author(s) 2026. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research. All rights reserved. For commercial re-use, please contact reprints@oup.com for reprints and translation rights for reprints. All other permissions can be obtained through our RightsLink service via the Permissions link on the article page on our site—for further information please contact journals.permissions@oup.com. DOI: 10.1093/jbmr/zjaf172 PMCID: PMC13017742 PMID: 41603552 [Indexed for MEDLINE] Conflict of interest statement: J.E.B, Pharmavite: Other Financial or Material Support.

Effects of fish oil supplementation on biomarkers of vascular endothelial function in middle-aged and older adults: a randomized controlled trial.

10. Food Funct. 2026 Feb 9;17(3):1518-1530. doi: 10.1039/d5fo04037j. Effects of fish oil supplementation on biomarkers of vascular endothelial function in middle-aged and older adults: a randomized controlled trial. Quan C(1), Tang W(1), Qin Y(2), Nian Z(1), Li Z(3), Mao L(1). Author information: (1)Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical university, Guangzhou 510515, Guangdong, P. R. China. mlm912@163.com. (2)Department of Food Safety and Nutrition, Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou 510440, Guangdong, P. R. China. (3)BYHEALTH Institute of Nutrition & Health, Guangzhou 510700, Guangdong, P. R. China. Objective: This trial evaluated marine-derived omega-3 supplementation for primary cardiovascular prevention in middle-aged and elderly adults, focusing on endothelial activation markers and vasodilation. Methods: 240 participants were randomized to four groups receiving 0 g, 1 g, 2 g, or 4 g daily of fish oil (containing 129 mg DHA and 182 mg EPA per gram) for 12 weeks. Fasting blood samples were analyzed for fatty acids and endothelial function biomarkers (NO, ET-1, ICAM-1, MCP-1, Ox-LDL) at baseline and post-intervention. Results: Baseline characteristics and dietary intake did not differ significantly among groups (P > 0.05). Post-intervention analysis revealed a significant increase (P < 0.05) in serum EPA and DHA in all fish oil groups except the control group. The key between-group result was a significantly greater reduction in ICAM-1 (-24.21% vs. -10.90%; P = 0.026) and MCP-1 (-27.38% vs. -14.92%; P = 0.024) in the 1 g d-1 group compared to control, with higher doses (2 g d-1 and 4 g d-1) not showing incremental benefit. No other biomarkers (NO, ET-1, Ox-LDL) showed significant between-group differences. Notably, within-group changes included increased NO in the 2 g d-1 group and decreased ET-1 in the 1 g d-1 and 4 g d-1 groups from baseline. Conclusions: This study found that low-dose fish oil significantly reduced endothelial inflammatory markers (ICAM-1, MCP-1) with a U-shaped dose-response in a community-based middle-aged/elderly population, suggesting optimal anti-inflammatory effects at modest intake. No effects were seen on vasodilatory or oxidative lipid markers. DOI: 10.1039/d5fo04037j PMID: 41568898 [Indexed for MEDLINE]

An exploratory, open-label, pilot randomized trial of omega-3 fatty acid supplementation on serum ferritin in university female students: The OMEGA-3 FA study.

11. Clin Nutr ESPEN. 2026 Apr;72:102906. doi: 10.1016/j.clnesp.2026.102906. Epub 2026 Jan 9. An exploratory, open-label, pilot randomized trial of omega-3 fatty acid supplementation on serum ferritin in university female students: The OMEGA-3 FA study. Fujibayashi M(1), Suganuma A(2), Domichi M(2), Hayashi I(3), Yamakata R(1), Fujikawa H(4), Kumano A(5), Kijima K(6), Tomokane S(6), Ogura Y(7), Sakane S(2), Sakane N(8). Author information: (1)Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Faculty of Agriculture, Setsunan University, 45-1 Nagaotoge-cho, Hirakata, Osaka, 573-0101, Japan. (2)Division of Preventive Medicine, Clinical Research Institute, NHO Kyoto Medical Center, 1-1 Mukaihata-cho, Fukakusa, Fushimi-ku, Kyoto, Japan. (3)Division of Preventive Medicine, Clinical Research Institute, NHO Kyoto Medical Center, 1-1 Mukaihata-cho, Fukakusa, Fushimi-ku, Kyoto, Japan; Department of Food and Nutrition Faculty of Contemporary Home Economics, Kyoto Kacho University, 3-456, Rinkacho, Kyoto Shi Higashiyama Ku, Kyoto Fu, 605-0062, Japan. (4)Faculty of Human Health, Sonoda Women's University, 7-29-1 Minamitsukaguchi-cho, Amagasaki, Hyogo, 661-8520, Japan. (5)Department of Social Welfare, Kansai University of Social Welfare, 380-3 Shinden, Ako, Hyogo, 678-0255, Japan. (6)School of Sports Sciences, Osaka University of Health and Sport Sciences, 1-1 Asashirodai, Kumatori-cho, Sennan, Osaka, 590-0496, Japan. (7)Faculty of Human Sciences, Osaka International University, 6-21-57 Tohda-cho, Moriguchi, Osaka, 570-8555, Japan. (8)Division of Preventive Medicine, Clinical Research Institute, NHO Kyoto Medical Center, 1-1 Mukaihata-cho, Fukakusa, Fushimi-ku, Kyoto, Japan. Electronic address: nsakane@gf6.so-net.ne.jp. BACKGROUND: Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs) have unique properties that are advantageous for female. However, no study has explored the effects of omega-3 PUFA supplementation on serum ferritin levels. Thus, the objective of this study was to investigate the effects of omega-3 PUFA supplementation on serum ferritin levels in university female students. METHODS: Thirty-nine iron-deficient university female students aged 18-29 years randomly assigned in a 1:1 ratio to either the intervention group (receiving 525 mg eicosapentaenoic acid [EPA] and 175 mg docosahexaenoic acid [DHA] daily for 8 weeks) or the control group. Hemoglobin and serum ferritin levels, dietary intake, and lipidomics were assessed at baseline and after the 8-week intervention period. Analyses were performed by an independent, blinded statistician. RESULTS: The adherence rate in the study was 94.9 %. n-3 PUFA supplementation increased the omega-3 index (1.8 ± 1.7 vs. 0.4 ± 1.1; p = 0.007), while it decreased the omega-6/3 ratio (-2.6 ± 2.5 vs. -0.9 ± 1.5; p = 0.016) and arachidonic acid/EPA ratio (-9.1 ± 11.6 vs. 1.4 ± 8.5; p = 0.004) compared to those in the control group. These supplementation increased serum ferritin levels (7.8 ± 9.1 vs. 1.8 ± 8.0 ng/mL; p = 0.041); however, it did not change hemoglobin and hepcidin levels compared to those in the control group. No adverse events were observed. CONCLUSION: In this pilot study, omega-3 PUFA supplementation was associated with modest changes in iron status markers in young healthy females. These findings are exploratory, and further placebo-controlled trials are needed to confirm the effects. NAME OF TRIAL REGISTRY: The effect of omega-3 fatty acids intake on hepcidin and anemia Identifying number: UMIN000050570. DATE OF REGISTRATION: 2023/03/14. Copyright © 2026 European Society for Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. DOI: 10.1016/j.clnesp.2026.102906 PMID: 41520879 [Indexed for MEDLINE]

Omega-3 Fatty Acids Supplementation Improves Pulmonary Function and Clinical Outcomes in Critically Ill Patients: a Meta-Analysis.

12. J Nutr. 2026 Mar;156(3):101351. doi: 10.1016/j.tjnut.2025.101351. Epub 2026 Jan 7. Omega-3 Fatty Acids Supplementation Improves Pulmonary Function and Clinical Outcomes in Critically Ill Patients: a Meta-Analysis. Wu MY(1), Wang X(2), Cai JZ(3), Liu T(2), Wang YY(3), Wang YX(4), Xu CX(5). Author information: (1)School of Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China. (2)Department of Intensive Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China. (3)Nursing Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China. (4)Emergency Trauma Surgery Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China. Electronic address: wangyunxia@suda.edu.cn. (5)School of Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China. Electronic address: 008237@yzu.edu.cn. BACKGROUND: Although several studies have examined the relationship between omega-3 (ω-3) fatty acids and pulmonary function and clinical outcomes in critically ill patients, their findings remain mixed and inconclusive, and additional research is warranted. OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to evaluate the effects of ω-3 fatty acids on pulmonary function and clinical outcomes in critically ill patients. METHODS: We searched 5 databases (PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, EBSCO, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials) to identify randomized controlled trials involving critically ill adults who received ω-3 fatty acids. Both enteral and parenteral routes of administration were included. Effect estimates were pooled using fixed- or random-effects models, and heterogeneity among studies was assessed using the I2 statistic. RESULTS: The analysis included 29 studies involving 2551 critically ill patients. The ω-3 fatty acids intervention significantly increased EPA and DHA levels. For inflammatory and immune markers, it increased CD4+ T lymphocytes, the CD4+/CD8+ ratio, and decreased C-reactive protein (CRP) levels. For pulmonary function, it increased PaO2, SaO2, and PaO2/FiO2, and decreased airway resistance, positive end expiratory pressure, and lactate levels. For clinical outcomes, it significantly shortened mechanical ventilation days [mean difference: -1.31; 95% confidence interval (CI): -2.54, -0.09; P = 0.04] and length of hospitalization (mean difference: -3.96; 95% CI: -7.83, -0.09; P = 0.04). Both enteral and parenteral supplementation with ω-3 could reduce CRP levels, shorten hospital stay, and improve the oxygenation index. Besides, ω-3 via enteral nutrition also increases PaO2 and shortens mechanical ventilation days. CONCLUSIONS: In critically ill patients, ω-3 fatty acids may improve fatty acid concentrations, modulate immune regulation, enhance pulmonary function, and be associated with improved clinical outcomes. Copyright © 2026 American Society for Nutrition. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. DOI: 10.1016/j.tjnut.2025.101351 PMID: 41506327 [Indexed for MEDLINE] Conflict of interest statement: Conflict of interest The authors declare no conflict of interest.

ω-3 Fatty Acids in Pediatric Major Depressive Disorder: A Randomized Clinical Trial.

13. JAMA Netw Open. 2026 Jan 2;9(1):e2548703. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2025.48703. ω-3 Fatty Acids in Pediatric Major Depressive Disorder: A Randomized Clinical Trial. Berger G(1), Häberling I(1), Emery S(1), Albermann M(1), Baumgartner N(2), Nalani K(3), Strumberger M(4), Wöckel L(4)(5), Erb S(6), Bachmann S(7)(8), Müller-Knapp U(9), Contin-Waldvogel B(10), Yamini A(11), Rhiner B(11), Drechsler R(1), Held U(12), Reeve K(12), Heinz P(12), Pauli D(1), Schmeck K(4), Hersberger M(13)(14), Walitza S(1)(13)(15); Omega-3 pMDD Study Group. Collaborators: Pick O, Di Gallo A, Müller S, Heitzer S, Schmid M, Christodoulakis I, Grünblatt E, Hartling I, Osuna E, Baumgartner J, Herter-Aeberli I, Brunner R, Drewe J, Braun J, Peterson J, Seifert B. Author information: (1)Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Psychiatric University Hospital, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland. (2)Psychiatry St Gallen, Wil St Gallen, St Gallen, Switzerland. (3)Department of Child and Adolescent Forensic Psychiatry, University Hospital of Psychiatry, Zurich, Switzerland. (4)Department of Clinical Research, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland. (5)Clienia Littenheid AG, Winterthur, Switzerland. (6)Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Services St Gallen, St Gallen, Switzerland. (7)Hôpitaux Universitaires de Genève/HUG, Geneva, Switzerland. (8)Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, University Hospitals Halle (Saale), Halle-Wittenburg, Germany. (9)Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Klinik Sonnenhof, Ganterschwil, Switzerland. (10)Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Services Baselland, Liestal, Switzerland. (11)Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Services Thurgau, Weinfelden, Switzerland. (12)Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland. (13)Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland. (14)Division of Clinical Chemistry and Biochemistry, University Children's Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland. (15)Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich and Federal Institute of Technology Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland. IMPORTANCE: Meta-analyses of ω-3 fatty acids for depression have reported inconsistent results, and pediatric evidence is sparse. Promotion of unproven supplements may delay evidence-based care. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate whether adjunctive ω-3 fatty acid supplementation improves outcomes in moderate-to-severe pediatric major depressive disorder (MDD). DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: In a multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled randomized clinical trial at 5 Swiss child and adolescent psychiatry centers, 257 youths with MDD were enrolled and randomized between April 28, 2017, and March 24, 2022, and followed up for 36 weeks, with final analysis from July 1, 2022, to January 26, 2023. Analysis was based on intention to treat. INTERVENTIONS: Participants received ω-3 fatty acids, 1.5 g/d (1 g of eicosapentaenoic acid [EPA] and 0.5 g of docosahexaenoic acid [DHA], 2:1 ratio), or medium-chain triglyceride placebo in combination with standardized psychotherapy. Antidepressant use was permitted per national guidelines. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: The primary outcome was the trajectory of Children's Depression Rating Scale-Revised (CDRS-R) scores analyzed with a joint mixed-effects and time-to-event model accounting for dropout or initiation of off-trial antidepressant therapy. Secondary outcomes included response (≥30% reduction in CDRS-R scores), remission (CDRS-R score ≤28), self-rated depression, quality of life, suicidality, and safety. RESULTS: Of 257 randomized participants (mean [SD] age, 15.7 [1.7] years; 188 [73.2%] female; mean [SD] CDRS-R score, 58.5 [8.8]), 129 received ω-3 supplements and 128 received placebo. The mean (SD) CDRS-R scores decreased similarly in both groups: at 12 weeks, 45.93 (11.98) vs 46.08 (12.99); at 36 weeks, 36.50 (13.12) vs 36.83 (15.46). The adjusted mean difference in CDRS-R scores was 0.77 (95% CI, -1.39 to 2.93; P = .49) points. The hazard ratio for time to dropout was 1.22 (95% CI, 0.83-1.79; P = .32). Response occurred in 34 of 109 (31.2%) ω-3 recipients vs 43 of 110 (39.1%) placebo recipients at 12 weeks; remission occurred at 36 weeks in 30 of 94 ω-3 recipients (31.9%) vs 37 of 90 (41.1%) placebo recipients (all differences were nonsignificant). Secondary measures and suicidality improved without between-group differences. EPA plus DHA levels expressed by the ω-3 index rose by a mean (SD) of 4.33% (1.54%) and 4.88% (2.38%) at 12 and 36 weeks, respectively, in the ω-3 arm, confirming adherence. A total of 76 serious adverse events were reported in 97 participants, with 31 occurring in the placebo arm and 45 in the ω-3 arm. These included 28 suicide attempts, but no deaths or permanent disabilities. None of these were judged to be causally related to the study medication. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: In this randomized clinical trial, adjunctive ω-3 administration, 1.5 g/d (EPA:DHA, 2:1), did not outperform placebo in youths with MDD. Future work should assess EPA-enriched formulations and biomarker-guided approaches. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03167307. DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2025.48703 PMCID: PMC12761337 PMID: 41481294 [Indexed for MEDLINE] Conflict of interest statement: Conflict of Interest Disclosures: Dr Häberling reported receiving grant support from the Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF) during the conduct of the study. Dr Drechsler reported receiving grant support from the SNSF to the principle investigator (Dr Berger) during the conduct of the study. Dr Hersberger reported holding a patent pending for lipid emulsion with anti-inflammatory effect for total parenteral nutrition and a patent pending for lipid emulsion for brain regeneration and optimizing brain development via parenteral or enteral administration. Dr Walitza reported receiving grant support from the SNSF, Gertrud Thalmann Fonds, Ebnet Foundation, and Vontobel Foundation during the conduct of the study and receiving personal fees from Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited and Salmon Pharma/MEDICE outside the submitted work. No other conflicts were disclosed.

Effect of Beetroot Extract Supplementation on Serum Fatty Acid Profiles and Oxidative Stress Markers in Chronic Coronary Artery Disease Patients: A Secondary Analysis of a Randomized Controlled Trial.

14. Biomed Res Int. 2025 Dec 29;2025:6654492. doi: 10.1155/bmri/6654492. eCollection 2025. Effect of Beetroot Extract Supplementation on Serum Fatty Acid Profiles and Oxidative Stress Markers in Chronic Coronary Artery Disease Patients: A Secondary Analysis of a Randomized Controlled Trial. Mansouri-Baseri A(1)(2), Moohebati M(3), Bahrami LS(1)(2), Tabesh H(4), Rezaie M(1), Nematy M(1), Davoudi F(1), Rezvani R(1)(5). Author information: (1)Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran, mums.ac.ir. (2)Student Research Committee, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran, mums.ac.ir. (3)Cardiovascular Research Center, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran, mums.ac.ir. (4)Department of Medical Informatics, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran, mums.ac.ir. (5)Clinical Research Development Unit, Imam Reza Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Mashad University of Medical Sciences, Mashad, Iran. BACKGROUND: Considering the role of a healthy diet in preventing atherogenesis, the use of beetroot as a functional food with anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-dyslipidemic effects due to its high nitrate content and bioactive compounds is one of the interesting approaches in coronary artery disease (CAD), a common worldwide chronic disease. METHODS: This is a secondary analysis of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial that was conducted on 90 male (67.8%) and female (32.2%) chronic patients with CAD for 4 weeks. This secondary analysis investigated the effect of beetroot capsules within three groups on fatty acid profile, total antioxidant capacity, total oxidant status, malondialdehyde, and myeloperoxidase. RESULTS: In subjects with 4 weeks of beetroot consumption, significant changes in the level of SFAs/PUFAs (-130 μg/mL, p = 0.04), PA/OA (-250 μg/mL, p = 0.02), and MPO (-9.60 U/L, p < 0.01) were established. In beetroot-vitamin C group, docosahexaenoic acid (9.3 μg/mL, p < 0.01), omega 3 (31 μg/mL, p < 0.001), EPA + DHA (10 μg/mL, p < 0.01), SFAs/PUFAs (-370 μg/mL, p < 0.001), PA/OA (-360 μg/mL, p < 0.001), TOS (-1.42 μM, p < 0.01), and MPO (-12.42 U/L, p < 0.001) had notable changes. CONCLUSION: Beetroot capsule consumption had favorable effects on serum omega 3 fatty acids as well as TOS and MPO, the oxidant and atherogenesis factors. Copyright © 2025 Amirhossein Mansouri-Baseri et al. BioMed Research International published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd. DOI: 10.1155/bmri/6654492 PMCID: PMC12746008 PMID: 41473738 [Indexed for MEDLINE] Conflict of interest statement: The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Trial protocol: DOLFIN trial: Developmental Outcomes of Long-term Feed Supplementation in Neonates-A UK multicentre, blinded, stratified, randomised controlled trial.

15. Trials. 2025 Dec 29;26(1):592. doi: 10.1186/s13063-025-09253-3. Trial protocol: DOLFIN trial: Developmental Outcomes of Long-term Feed Supplementation in Neonates-A UK multicentre, blinded, stratified, randomised controlled trial. Andrew MJ(1)(2), Embleton N(3)(4), Hardy P(5), Johnson S(6), Juszczak E(7), Ledbury H(3), Pearson C(8), Rivero-Arias O(5), Francisco AA(5), Berrington J(4)(9), Bradley P(4), Bradley PJ(10), Cole C(5), Court K(3), Hurd M(5), King A(5), Linsell L(5), Murray D(5), O'Connor HM(5), Roehr CC(5), Stalker V(5), Stanbury K(5), Wahengbam UD(5), Welsh R(5), Wiles J(5), Parr JR(3)(4). Author information: (1)Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, Tyne and Wear, UK. morag.andrew@newcastle.ac.uk. (2)Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Queen Victoria Road, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK. morag.andrew@newcastle.ac.uk. (3)Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, Tyne and Wear, UK. (4)Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Queen Victoria Road, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK. (5)National Perinatal Epidemiology Unit Clinical Trials Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus, Oxford, UK. (6)Department of Population Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK. (7)Nottingham Clinical Trials Unit, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK. (8)Portsmouth Hospitals University National Health Service Trust, Portsmouth, UK. (9)Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK. (10)Bliss, 1st Floor North, 10-18 Union Street, London, SE1 1SZ, UK. BACKGROUND: Infants born extremely preterm (EP; < 28 weeks of gestation) or term born infants with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) have increased risk of long-term cognitive and learning deficits. Early supplementation with long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFAs) docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and arachidonic acid (ARA), choline, uridine-5'-monophosphate (UMP), and cytidine-5'-monophosphate (CMP), zinc, iodine, and vitamin B12 may improve cognitive and language outcomes in these populations. METHODS: This multicentre, blinded, stratified, randomised controlled trial, including an economic evaluation, will investigate the impact of nutritional supplementation on cognitive development in infants born EP or term born infants with HIE. The planned sample size is 1010 (538 EP, and 472 HIE) infants from up to 40 National Health Service neonatal units in the UK. The trial patient populations are infants born EP (preterm stratum) and term infants (born at or more than 35 weeks of gestation) with HIE who received therapeutic hypothermia (HIE stratum). Patient strata were chosen to include infants at high risk of adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes by virtue of EP birth, or HIE requiring therapeutic hypothermia. Infants are randomly assigned, in a 1:1 allocation ratio, to receive either the active supplement or a matched control, in addition to standard care. Families, clinical teams, investigators, and Clinical Trials Unit staff are blinded to allocation. Only the Senior Trials Programmer and Trial Statisticians have access to allocation information. The active supplement is a nutrient powder formulated to be mixed with breast milk, infant formula, or food, containing LCPUFAs (including DHA, EPA, and ARA), choline, UMP, CMP, zinc, iodine, and vitamin B12. Supplementation commences once infants achieve full milk feeds and continues until 12 months post-estimated date of delivery (EDD), with a daily dosage of 1 g per kilogram of body weight. The primary outcome is the Parent Report of Children's Abilities-Revised non-verbal cognitive scale at 24 months post-EDD. EP and HIE patient population comparisons have been appropriately powered and will be analysed separately. DISCUSSION: Findings from the DOLFIN trial will inform international neonatal and infant nutritional and feeding policy and practice. Learnings from the trial will inform the design and delivery of future neonatal nutritional intervention trials. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ISRCTN62323236. Registered 16 May 2022, https://www.isrctn.com/ISRCTN62323236 . © 2025. The Author(s). DOI: 10.1186/s13063-025-09253-3 PMCID: PMC12752120 PMID: 41462322 [Indexed for MEDLINE] Conflict of interest statement: Declarations. Ethics approval and consent to participate {24}: The DOLFIN trial has received approval from the MHRA and the NHS Health Research Authority (Ethics Ref: 22/SW/0009) and the South West–Central Bristol Research Ethics Committee. Informed consent will be obtained for all participants. Trust Confirmation of Capacity and Capability will be secured at each participating site. The CI or their delegate will submit the Annual Progress Report, End of Trial Notification, and Final Report to key stakeholders, including the Funder (NIHR HTA), MHRA, REC, HRA, host organisation, and Sponsor. Consent for publication {32}: Not applicable. This trial protocol does not involve the use of any personal details, images, videos, or other materials that would require consent from participants or their authorised surrogates. Competing interests {28}: PH is a member of the NIHR Health Technology Assessment Funding Committee (commissioning). NE declares research funding paid to his institution for NIHR portfolio adopted trials from Prolacta Biosciences US, Nutricia Early Life Nutrition, ELGAN pharma, and Neokare UK but did not receive personal fees. NE has received speaker’s honoraria from Nestle Nutrition Institute and for providing consultancy advice to legal firms involved in class action for necrotising enterocolitis in the US; these monies have been donated to charity. NE has provided non-remunerated advice to the WHO, ESPGHAN, and BAPM in the areas of human milk and nutrition for preterm infants. MA declares speaker honoraria from Nestle Nutrition Institute and ESPGHAN conference travel and accommodation costs for the presentation of the Dolphin RCT findings from Nutricia UK, and symposia speaker travel and accommodation costs from Danone Research and Innovation centre.